File:Han Civilisation.png

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current14:15, 6 January 2017Thumbnail for version as of 14:15, 6 January 2017880 × 650 (1 MB)127.0.0.1 (talk)<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2> <p>Created and copyright (2006) by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Yeu_Ninje" class="extiw" title="en:User:Yeu Ninje">Yeu Ninje</a>. Released under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" class="extiw" title="en:GNU Free Documentation License">GNU FDL</a>. </p> <p>This map shows the world as was known to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynasty" class="extiw" title="en:Han Dynasty">en:Han Dynasty</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" class="extiw" title="en:China">en:China</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2" class="extiw" title="en:2">en:2</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era" class="extiw" title="en:Common Era">CE</a>. The shaded areas show the extent of Han civilisation. I've based this on the existence of settlements under direct Han political authority or military control according to Tan Qixiang (ed.), <i>Zhongguo lishi ditu</i> (中国历史地图集; 1982). </p> <p>The international boundary shown is the border claimed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="extiw" title="en:People's Republic of China">en:People's Republic of China</a>. Compare the territories of the historical Han dynasty and the territories over which the modern Chinese state claims sovereignty. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Territorial_garrisons">Territorial garrisons</span></h3> <p>The headquarters of chief commandants (都尉) are shown in yellow. Chief commandants commanded territorial garrisons and were responsible for the supression of local armed threats and supervision of recruitment for military service. Note that these were concentrated on the frontiers, especially on the northern border region. When in the interior of the Han empire, they were often placed near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/iron" class="extiw" title="en:iron">en:iron</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/salt" class="extiw" title="en:salt">en:salt</a> industries, or on important communication routes. Dependent states (屬國) are shown in green. These were usually mixed settlements of Chinese and Xiongnu or more commonly, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiang" class="extiw" title="en:Qiang">en:Qiang</a>, under Han administration. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Great_Wall">The Great Wall</span></h3> <p>During most of the Western Han period, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall" class="extiw" title="en:Great Wall">en:Great Wall</a> served as a line of demarcation between Han and non-Chinese peoples, most notable of whom were the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" class="extiw" title="en:Xiongnu">en:Xiongnu</a>. The line of the Great Wall was extended by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han_China" class="extiw" title="en:Emperor Wu of Han China">Emperor Wu</a> along the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gansu" class="extiw" title="en:Gansu">en:Gansu</a> corridor (the commanderies based at Dunhuang, Lufu, Lude and Guzang). This, along with walls north of the great loop of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_River" class="extiw" title="en:Yellow River">en:Yellow River</a> (beyond Wuyuan), provided the front line defences against the Xiongnu. A second line was maintained along the old Qin wall (the one that passes close to Fushi and Didao), which was important even into the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_century" class="extiw" title="en:1st century">en:1st century</a>. </p> <p>Both the lines of the Great Wall and Yellow River are based on Tan Qixiang (ed.), <i>Zhongguo lishi ditu</i> (中国历史地图集; 1982). Note that the Yellow River is considerably to the north of its present flow. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Routes_of_communication">Routes of communication</span></h3> <p>The broad outline of communication and transport routes from the capital <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an" class="extiw" title="en:Chang'an">en:Chang'an</a> is marked in white. These were based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Dynasty" class="extiw" title="en:Qin Dynasty">en:Qin Dynasty</a> imperial highways, Han roads (such as the Chang'an-Anyi-Taiyuan-Yu road) and navigable riverways (such as the Chenliu and Shouchun route). The long road extending west from Chang'an to the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Regions" class="extiw" title="en:Western Regions">en:Western Regions</a>" is often known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road" class="extiw" title="en:Silk Road">en:Silk Road</a>. </p> <p>These are based in part on the reconstruction of early Chinese roads and waterways by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Needham" class="extiw" title="en:Joseph Needham">en:Joseph Needham</a> in <i>Science and Civilisation</i>, Vol. IV, (1954), and the additions of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_de_Crespigny" class="extiw" title="en:Rafe de Crespigny">en:Rafe de Crespigny</a> in <i>Generals of the South</i> (1992). The northern and southern routes of the Silk Road in the Western Regions is based on Map 16 in <i>Cambridge History of China</i>, vol. 1, (1986). </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Western_Regions">The Western Regions</span></h3> <p>From the end of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_century_BC" class="extiw" title="en:2nd century BC">en:2nd century BC</a>, Han China fought with the Xiongnu over control of the Western Regions. By the time that they established the office of Protector General of the Western Regions (at Wulei) in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_BC" class="extiw" title="en:60 BC">en:60 BC</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/59_BC" class="extiw" title="en:59 BC">en:59 BC</a>, the entire region was dominated by the Chinese. Tributary city-states, in light orange, sent periodic tribute to Chang'an and were rewarded by the Han court. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Transliteration">Transliteration</span></h3> <p>Names of non-Chinese peoples and states have been purposely left with their Chinese names (e.g. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta-Yuan" class="extiw" title="en:Ta-Yuan">Dayuan</a> instead of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergana" class="extiw" title="en:Fergana">en:Fergana</a>; Gaogouli instead of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo" class="extiw" title="en:Goguryeo">en:Goguryeo</a>) to reflect the fact that our knowledge of participants in the Han world order comes almost exclusively from Chinese sources. Chinese names are transliterated by <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pinyin" class="extiw" title="en:pinyin">en:pinyin</a></i> (e.g. Dayuan instead of Ta-yuan). </p> <p>Transliteration of non-Chinese peopes and states follows the pronunciation guides given in the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Later_Han" class="extiw" title="en:Book of Later Han">Hou Han shu</a></i>. They often diverge from the Mandarin pronunciations which are now standard: </p> <p>婼羌 Er-Qiang; 鄯善 Shanshan; 且末 Jumo; 小宛 Xiao-Yuan; 精絕 Jingjue; 戎盧 Ronglu; 扜彌 Wumi; 渠勒 Jule; 于闐 Yutian; 皮山 Pishan; 烏秅 Wucha; 西夜 Xiye (Xiyi); 蒲 Pu; 依耐 Yinai; 無雷 Wulei; 難兜 Nandou; 罽賓 Jibin; 烏弋山離 Wuyishanli; 安息 Anxi; 大月氏 Da-Yuezhi; 康居 Kangju; 大宛 Da-Yuan; 桃槐 Taohui; 休循 Xiuxun; 捐毒 Juandu; 莎車 Shaju; 疏勒 Shule; 尉頭 Weitou; 龜茲 Qiuci; 姑墨 Gumo; 焉耆 Yanqi. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Related_images">Related images</span></h2> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:16px auto;"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Qin_empire_210_BCE.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Qin_empire_210_BCE.png/120px-Qin_empire_210_BCE.png" width="120" height="118" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Qin_empire_210_BCE.png/180px-Qin_empire_210_BCE.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Qin_empire_210_BCE.png/240px-Qin_empire_210_BCE.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="545"></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Qin empire (210 BC) </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ming_foreign_relations_1580.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ming_foreign_relations_1580.jpg/102px-Ming_foreign_relations_1580.jpg" width="102" height="120" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ming_foreign_relations_1580.jpg/154px-Ming_foreign_relations_1580.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ming_foreign_relations_1580.jpg/205px-Ming_foreign_relations_1580.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="650"></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Ming civilisation (1580) </p> </div> </div></li> </ul>
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