George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll

His Grace The Duke of Argyll KG, KT, PC, FRS, FRSE, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
Portrait of Argyll, c. 1860
Lord Privy Seal
In office 4 January 1853 – 7 December 1855
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Minister	The Earl of Aberdeen The Viscount Palmerston
Preceded by	The Marquess of Salisbury
Succeeded by	The Earl of Harrowby
In office 18 June 1859 – 26 June 1866
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Minister	The Viscount Palmerston The Earl Russell
Preceded by	The Earl of Hardwicke
Succeeded by	The Earl of Malmesbury
In office 28 April 1880 – 2 May 1881
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Minister	William Ewart Gladstone
Preceded by	The Duke of Northumberland
Succeeded by	The Lord Carlingford
Postmaster General
In office 30 November 1855 – 21 February 1858
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Minister	The Viscount Palmerston
Preceded by	The Viscount Canning
Succeeded by	The Lord Colchester
Secretary of State for India
In office 9 December 1868 – 17 February 1874
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Minister	William Ewart Gladstone
Preceded by	Sir Stafford Northcote, Bt
Succeeded by	The Marquess of Salisbury
Personal details
Born	30 April 1823 (1823-04-30) Ardencaple Castle, Dunbartonshire
Died	Inveraray Castle, Argyll
Citizenship	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Nationality	Scottish
Political party	Liberal
Spouse(s)	Lady Elizabeth Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (m. 1844; d. 1878) Amelia Claughton (m. 1881; d. 1894) Ina McNeill (m. 1895; wid. 1900)

George John Douglas Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll, KG, KT, PC, FRS, FRSE, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , (30 April 1823 – 24 April 1900), styled Marquess of Lorne until 1847, was a Scottish peer and Liberal politician as well as a writer on science, religion, and the politics of the 19th century.

Background

Argyll was born at Ardencaple Castle, Dunbartonshire, the second but only surviving son of John Campbell, 7th Duke of Argyll, and his second wife Joan Glassel, the only daughter of John Glassel. Argyll succeeded his father as duke in 1847. With his death he became also hereditary Master of the Household of Scotland and Sheriff of Argyllshire.

Political career

1869 caricature of the Duke of Argyll by Carlo Pellegrini

A close associate of Prince Albert, he served as Lord Privy Seal between 1852 and 1855 in the cabinet of Lord Aberdeen, and then as Postmaster General between 1855 and 1858 in Lord Palmerston's first cabinet. He was again Lord Privy Seal between 1859 and 1866 in the second Palmerston administration, and then under Lord Russell's second administration, in which position he was notable as a strong advocate of the Northern cause in the American Civil War.

In William Ewart Gladstone's first government of 1868 to 1874, Argyll became Secretary of State for India, in which role his refusal to promise support against the Russians to the Emir of Afghanistan helped lead to the Second Afghan War. Argyll's wife, née Lady Elizabeth Georgiana Leveson-Gower, also served as Mistress of the Robes in this government. In 1871, while actually serving in the Cabinet, his son and heir, Lord Lorne, married one of Queen Victoria's daughters, Princess Louise, enhancing his status as a leading Grandee.

In 1880 he again served under Gladstone, as Lord Privy Seal, but resigned on 31 March 1881 in protest at Gladstone's Land Bill, claiming it would interfere with the rights of landlords and had been brought in response to terrorism. In 1886, he fully broke with Gladstone over the question of the Prime Minister's support for Irish Home Rule, although he did not join the Liberal Unionist Party, but pursued an independent course. Having been already Vice Lord Lieutenant from 1847, Argyll held the honorary post of Lord Lieutenant of Argyllshire from 1862 until his death in 1900. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1853, appointed a Knight of the Thistle in 1856 and a Knight of the Garter in 1883. In 1892 he was created Duke of Argyll in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

Scholarship

Argyll was also a scientist, or at least a publicist on scientific matters, especially evolution glaciology and economics. He was a leader in the scholarly opposition against Darwinism (1869, 1884b), against the erosive capability of glaciers (1873) and an important economist (1893) and institutionalist (1884a), in which latter capacity he was quite similar to his political opponent, Benjamin Disraeli.

In 1851, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and was appointed Chancellor of the University of St Andrews. Three years later, he became additionally Rector of the University of Glasgow. In 1849 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and served as its President from 1860 to 1864. From 1872-1874 he was President of The Geological Society List of Presidents of the Geological Society of London. In 1866, he was a founding member of the world's first aeronautical society, the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain (later renamed the Royal Aeronautical Society), and served as its President from 1886 to 1895. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1869.

Private life

Argyll was married three times. He married firstly Lady Elizabeth Leveson-Gower, eldest daughter of George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 2nd Duke of Sutherland, in 1844. They had five sons and seven daughters, being:

• John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll (6 August 1845 – 2 May 1914) he married Princess Louise of the United Kingdom on 21 March 1871.
• Lord Archibald Campbell (18 December 1846 – 29 March 1913) he married Janey Callander on 12 January 1869. They have two children included Niall Campbell, 10th Duke of Argyll.
• Lord Walter Campbell (30 July 1848 – 2 May 1889) he married Olivia Milns on 14 April 1874. He remarried Lilian Sclater on 17 June 1920. They have two children.
• Lady Edith Campbell (7 November 1849 – 6 July 1913) she married Henry Percy, 7th Duke of Northumberland on 23 December 1868. They have thirteen children.
• Lady Elisabeth Campbell (14 February 1852 – 24 September 1896) she married Lt.-Col. Edward Harrison Clough-Taylor on 17 July 1880. They have one daughter.
• Lord George Granville Campbell (25 December 1850 – 21 April 1915) he married Sybil Lascelles Alexander, daughter of James Brace Alexander, on 9 May 1879. They have three children.
• Lord Colin Campbell (9 March 1853 – 18 June 1895) he married Gertrude Blood and they were divorced in 1884.
• Lady Victoria Campbell (22 May 1854 – 6 July 1910).
• Lady Evelyn Campbell (17 August 1855 – 22 March 1940) she married James Baillie-Hamilton on 10 August 1886.
• Lady Frances Balfour (22 February 1858 – 25 February 1931) she married Eustace Balfour on 12 May 1879. They have five children.
• Lady Mary Emma Campbell (22 September 1859 – 22 March 1947) she married Rt. Rev. Hon. Edward Carr Glyn on 4 July 1882. They have three children.
• Lady Constance Harriett Campbell (11 November 1864 – 9 February 1922) she married Charles Emmott on 27 June 1891.

The Duke of Argyll, by Elliott & Fry

The Duchess of Argyll died aged 53 in May 1878. In 1881, Argyll married Amelia Maria (born 1843), daughter of the Right Reverend Thomas Claughton, Bishop of St Albans, and widow of Augustus Anson. She died aged 50 in January 1894. In 1895, Argyll married a third time, to Ina, daughter of Archibald McNeill. Ina survived the duke by a quarter of a century, dying in December 1925. There were no children from either the second or third marriages.

Argyll died at Inveraray Castle in April 1900, six days before his 77th birthday, and is buried at Kilmun Parish Church. He was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son John.

Key works

• (1867) The Reign of Law. London: Strahan. (5th Ed. in 1868).
• (1869) Primeval Man: An Examination of some Recent Speculations. New York: Routledge.
• (1873) President's Anniversary Address. Proceedings of the Geological Society. pp. li - lxxviii.
• (1879) The Eastern Question. London: Strahan.
• (1884) The Unity of Nature. New York: Putnam.
• (1887) Scotland As It Was and As It Is
• (1893) The Unseen Foundations of Society. An Examination of the Fallacies and Failures of Economic Science Due to Neglected Elements. London: John Murray.
• (1906) Autobiography and Memoirs

External links

• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Duke of Argyll

Political offices
Preceded by The Marquess of Salisbury	Lord Privy Seal 1852–1855	Succeeded by The Earl of Harrowby
Preceded by The Viscount Canning	Postmaster General 1855–1858	Succeeded by The Lord Colchester
Preceded by The Earl of Hardwicke	Lord Privy Seal 1859–1866	Succeeded by The Earl of Malmesbury
Preceded by Sir Stafford Northcote, Bt	Secretary of State for India 1868–1874	Succeeded by The Marquess of Salisbury
Preceded by The Duke of Northumberland	Lord Privy Seal 1880–1881	Succeeded by The Lord Carlingford
Honorary titles
Preceded by The Marquess of Breadalbane	Lord Lieutenant of Argyllshire 1862–1900	Succeeded by The Duke of Argyll
Academic offices
Preceded by The Viscount Melville	Chancellor of the University of St Andrews 1851–1900	Succeeded by The Lord Balfour of Burleigh
Preceded by The Earl of Eglinton	Rector of the University of Glasgow 1854–1856	Succeeded by Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton, Bt
Peerage of Scotland
Preceded by John Campbell	Duke of Argyll 1847–1900	Succeeded by John Campbell
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation	Duke of Argyll 1892–1900	Succeeded by John Campbell