Influence: Science and Practice

Influence: Science and Practice (ISBN 0-321-18895-0) is a Psychology book from 2003 examining the key ways people can be influenced by "Compliance Professionals". The book's author is Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of Psychology at Arizona State University. The key premise of the book is that, in a complex world where people are overloaded with more information than they can deal with, people fall back on a decision making approach based on generalizations. These generalizations develop because they allow people to usually act in a correct manner with a limited amount of thought and time. However, they can be exploited and effectively turned into weapons by those who know them to influence others to act certain ways.

The findings in the book are backed up by numerous empirical studies conducted in the fields of Psychology, Marketing, Economics, Anthropology and Social Science.

The author also worked undercover in many compliance fields such as car sales and door-to-door sales.

Reciprocation

People generally feel obliged to return favors offered to them. This trait is embodied in all human cultures and is one of the human characteristics that allow us to live as a society.

Compliance professionals often play on this trait by offering a small gift to potential customers. Studies have shown that even if the gift is unwanted, it will influence the recipient to reciprocate.

A variation on this theme is to ask for a particularly big favor. When this is turned down, a smaller favor is asked for. This is likely to be successful because a concession on one side (the down-scaling of the favor) will be reciprocated by a concession by the other party (agreement to the smaller favor).

Reciprocation is an application of Reciprocity (social psychology).

Commitment and consistency

People have a general desire to appear consistent in their behavior. People generally also value consistency in others.

Compliance professionals can exploit the desire to be consistent by having someone make an initial, often small, commitment. Requests can then be made that are in keeping with this initial commitment.

People also have a strong desire to stand by commitments made by providing further justification and reasons for supporting them. This pattern of behavior toward or resulting in a negative outcome is called escalation of commitment.

Social proof

People generally look to other people similar to themselves when making decisions. This is particularly noticeable in situations of uncertainty or ambiguity.

This trait has led compliance professionals to provide fake information on what others are doing. Examples of this are staged interviews on television advertisements or "infomercials".

Liking

People are more likely to agree to offers from people whom they like.

There are several factors that can influence people to like some people more than others:

• Physical attractiveness can give people a "halo" effect whereby others are more likely to trust them and think of them as smarter and more talented.
• People tend to like people who are most like themselves.
• People tend to like those who pay them compliments.
• People who they are forced to cooperate with to achieve a common goal tend to form a trust with those people.
• People tend to like people that make them laugh. For example, many lectures start with a joke.

Any one of the above methods may not help influence people, but used in combination, their effects can be magnified.

Authority

The Milgram experiment ran by Stanley Milgram provided some of the most stunning insights into how influential authority can be over others.

People often act in an automated fashion to commands from authority, even if their instincts suggest the commands should not be followed.

Scarcity

People tend to want things as they become less available. This has led advertisers to promote goods as "limited availability", or "short time only".

It has also been shown that when information is restricted (such as through censorship), people want the information more and will hold that information in higher regard.

Items are also given a higher value when they were once in high supply but have now become scarce.

Influencing as a process

The concepts presented above may be incorporated into a process to be followed by prospective influencers. The required preliminary activity is to make sure that the contemplated situation should indeed follow the influencing process as compared to some other similar process. This diagram helps in evaluating this decision. Next, if influencing is appropriate for the contemplated situation, the following steps may be performed.

Phase 1 - Before the influencing session

Step 1: Prepare and plan

The first step is to determine exactly what the influencer needs from the people to be influenced, or client(s). Next, the needs and wants of the client are determined and the opening statement is prepared. The opening statement should present an offer that, if accepted, will also help to satisfy the influencer's needs. Possible negative reactions are anticipated and useful responses are planned. Role-play is a good way of maximizing the effectiveness of the preparation. Consult Influencing for details and examples.

Phase 2 - At the influencing meeting

Step 2: The opening statement is presented.

Step 3: The client's needs are confirmed.

Step 4: Listen to the client's response and respond appropriately.

Step 5: Ask the client to accept the prepared offer.

Step 6: If the client accepts, thanks are expressed and any required formalities are completed. If the client refuses, another attempt may be made at another time or another potential client may be visited.

Phase 3 - Analysis after the meeting.

Step 7: Reviewing the influencing experience helps one learn the lessons on how to achieve a better outcome. Therefore, one should take the time to review each element and ask oneself, "what went well?" and "what could be improved next time?"

External links

• The Comforts of Mindless Consistency - A Case Study by Robert B. Cialdini