1874 and 1875 United States House of Representatives elections

1874 and 1875 United States House of Representatives elections
All 292 seats in the United States House of Representatives; 147 seats needed for a majority
	320px Map of U.S. House elections results from 1874 elections for 44th Congress
Speaker before election; James G. Blaine; Republican	Elected Speaker; Michael Kerr; Democratic

Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1874 and 1875 for Representatives to the 44th Congress, occurring in the middle of President Ulysses S. Grant's second term with a deep economic depression underway. It was an important turning point, as the Republicans lost heavily and the Democrats gained control of the House. It signaled the imminent end of Reconstruction, which Democrats opposed. Historians emphasize the factors of economic depression and attacks on the Grant administration for corruption as key factors in the vote.^[2]

With the election following the Panic of 1873, Grant's Republican Party was crushed in the elections, losing their majority and almost half their seats to the Democratic Party. This was the first period of Democratic control since the pre-war era. The economic crisis and the inability of Grant to find a solution led to his party's defeat. This was the second-largest swing in the history of the House (only behind the 1894 elections), and is the largest House loss in the history of the Republican Party.

In the south, the Democrats and Conservatives continued their systematic destruction of the Republican coalition. In the South, Scalawags moved into the Democratic Party. The Democratic landslide signaled the imminent end of Reconstruction, which Democrats opposed and a realignment of the Republican coalition that had dominated American politics since the late 1850s.^[3]

While the ongoing end of Reconstruction in the South was one of the main reasons for the shift, turn-of-the-century historian James Ford Rhodes explored the multiple causes of the results in the North:^[4]

In the fall elections of 1874 the issue was clearly defined: Did the Republican President Ulysses S. Grant and Congress deserve the confidence of the country? and the answer was unmistakably No ... The Democrats had won a signal victory, obtaining control of the next House of Representatives which would stand Democrats 168, Liberals and Independents 14, Republicans 108 as against the two-thirds Republican majority secured by the election of 1872. Since 1861 the Republicans had controlled the House and now with its loss came a decrease in their majority in the Senate ...

Rhodes continues:

The political revolution from 1872 to 1874 was due to the failure of the Southern policy of the Republican party, to the Credit Mobilier and Sanborn contract scandals, to corrupt and inefficient administration in many departments and to the persistent advocacy of Grant by some close friends and hangers-on for a third presidential term. Some among the opposition were influenced by the President's backsliding in the cause of civil service reform, and others by the failure of the Republican party to grapple successfully with the financial question. The depression, following the financial Panic of 1873, and the number of men consequently out of employment weighed in the scale against the party in power. In Ohio, the result was affected by the temperance crusade in the early part of the year. Bands of women of good social standing marched to saloons before which or in which they sang hymns and, kneeling down, prayed that the great evil of drink might be removed. Sympathizing men wrought with them in causing the strict law of the State against the sale of strong liquor to be rigidly enforced. Since Republicans were in the main the instigators of the movement, it alienated from their party a large portion of the German American vote.

Special elections

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Election summaries

↓
182	8	103
Democratic	^{[lower-alpha 6]}	Republican

State	Type	Total seats	Democratic		Republican		Independent
State	Type	Total seats	Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Alabama	District + 2 at-large	8	6	4	2	4	0
Arkansas	District	4	4	4	0	4	0
California^{[lower-alpha 7]}	District	4	3	2	1	2	0
Connecticut^{[lower-alpha 7]}	District	4	3	2	1	2	0
Delaware	At-large	1	1	1	0	1	0
Florida	District	2	1	1	1	1	0
Georgia^{[lower-alpha 8]}	District	9	9^{[lower-alpha 5]}	2	0	2	0
Illinois	District	19	11	6	6	8	2	2
Indiana^{[lower-alpha 8]}	District	13	8	5	5	5	0
Iowa^{[lower-alpha 8]}	District	9	1	1	8	1	0
Kansas	District	3	1	1	2	1	0
Kentucky	District	10	9	1	1	1	0
Louisiana	District	6	4	3	2	2	0
Maine^{[lower-alpha 8]}	District	5	0		5		0
Maryland	District	6	6	2	0	2	0
Massachusetts	District	11	5	5	4	7	2	2
Michigan	District	9	3	3	6	3	0
Minnesota	District	3	0		3		0
Mississippi	District	6	4	3	2^{[lower-alpha 9]}	3	0
Missouri	District	13	13	4	0	4	0
Nebraska^{[lower-alpha 8]}	At-large	1	0		1		0
Nevada	At-large	1	0	1	1	1	0
New Hampshire^{[lower-alpha 7]}	District	3	2	1	1	1	0
New Jersey	District	7	5	4	2	4	0
New York	District	33	17	8	16^{[lower-alpha 9]}	8	0
North Carolina^{[lower-alpha 8]}	District	8	7	2	1	2	0
Ohio^{[lower-alpha 8]}	District	20	13	7	7	7	0
Oregon^{[lower-alpha 8]}	At-large	1	1	1	0	1	0
Pennsylvania	District	27	17	12	10	12	0
Rhode Island	District	2	0		2		0
South Carolina	District	5	0		5		0
Tennessee	District	10	9	6	1	6	0
Texas	District	6	6		0		0
Vermont^{[lower-alpha 8]}	District	3	0		3^{[lower-alpha 9]}		0
Virginia	District	9	8	4	1	4	0
West Virginia^{[lower-alpha 8]}	District	3	3	1	0	1	0
Wisconsin	District	8	3	1	5	1	0
Total		293^{[lower-alpha 2]}	183^{[lower-alpha 5]} 62.5%	94	105^{[lower-alpha 4]} 36.2%	93	4 1.4%	4

Popular vote

Democratic			49.12%
Republican			44.38%
Anti-Monopoly			1.28%
Reform			0.15%
Independent			4.44%
Others			0.63%

House seats

Democratic			61.43%
Republican			35.15%
Anti-Monopoly			0.34%
Reform			0.34%
Independent			2.74%

File:44 us house membership.png

House seats by party holding plurality in state
80+% Democratic	80+% Republican
60+% to 80% Democratic	60+% to 80% Republican
Up to 60% Democratic	Up to 60% Republican

File:44 us house changes.png

Net gain in party representation
6+ Democratic gain	6+ Republican gain
3-5 Democratic gain	3-5 Republican gain
1-2 Democratic gain	1-2 Republican gain
no net change

Election dates

In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform nationwide date for choosing Presidential electors.^[5] This law did not affect election dates for Congress, which remained within the jurisdiction of State governments, but over time, the states moved their congressional elections to this date as well. In 1874–75, there were still 10 states with earlier election dates, and 3 states with later election dates:

Early elections (1874):
- June 1 Oregon
- August 6 North Carolina
- September 1 Vermont
- September 14 Maine
- October 7 Georgia
- October 13 Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, Ohio, West Virginia
Late elections (1875):
- March 9, 1875 New Hampshire
- April 5, 1875 Connecticut
- September 7, 1875 California

Alabama

Arkansas

Arizona Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

California

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
California 1	Charles Clayton	Republican	1872	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y William Adam Piper (Democratic) 49.1% Ira P. Rankin (Republican) 26.8% John F. Swift (Independent) 24.1%
California 2	Horace F. Page	Republican	1872	Incumbent re-elected.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Horace F. Page (Republican) 43.4% Henry Larkin (Democratic) 38.7% Charles A. Tuttle (Independent) 17.8%
California 3	John K. Luttrell	Democratic	1872	Incumbent re-elected.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y John K. Luttrell (Democratic) 46.7% C. B. Denio (Republican) 36.1% Charles F. Reed (Independent) 17.1%
California 4	Sherman O. Houghton	Republican	1871	Lost re-election Democratic gain	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Peter D. Wigginton (Democratic) 48.8% Sherman O. Houghton (Republican) 34.6% J. S. Thompson (Independent) 16.7%

Colorado Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Florida 1	William J. Purman Redistricted from the C	Republican	1872	Incumbent re-elected.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y William J. Purman (Republican) 53.0% John Henderson (Democratic) 47.0%
Florida 2	Josiah T. Walls Redistricted from the C	Republican	1870	Incumbent re-elected. The election was later successfully challenged.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Josiah T. Walls (Republican) 51.1% Jesse J. Finley (Democratic) 48.9%

Georgia

Idaho Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Mississippi 1	Lucius Q. C. Lamar	Democratic	1872	Incumbent re-elected.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Lucius Q. C. Lamar (Democratic) 100%^[6]
Mississippi 2	Albert R. Howe	Republican	1872	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Independent Republican gain.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y G. Wiley Wells (Independent Republican) 59.42% Albert R. Howe (Republican) 40.59%^[7]
Mississippi 3	Henry W. Barry	Republican	1869	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Hernando Money (Democratic) 68.10% Ridgley C. Powers (Republican) 31.90%^[8]
Mississippi 4	Jason Niles	Republican	1872	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Otho R. Singleton (Democratic) 66.57% Jason Niles (Republican) 33.43%^[9]
Mississippi 5	George C. McKee	Republican	1869	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Charles E. Hooker (Democratic) 59.91% James Hill (Republican) 40.09%^[10]
Mississippi 6	John R. Lynch	Republican	1872	Incumbent re-elected.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y John R. Lynch (Republican) 50.53% Roderick Seal (Democratic) 49.47%^[11]

Missouri

Montana Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
South Carolina 1	Joseph Rainey	Republican	1870 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Joseph Rainey (Republican) 51.4% Samuel Lee (Independent Republican) 48.6%
South Carolina 2	Alonzo J. Ransier	Republican	1872	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Independent Republican gain. Election was later successfully challenged, declared vacant, and a special election was then held.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Edmund W. M. Mackey (Independent Republican) 54.1% Charles W. Buttz (Republican) 45.9%
South Carolina 3	Robert B. Elliott	Republican	1870	Incumbent resigned November 1, 1874 to serve as sheriff. new member elected. Republican hold	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Solomon L. Hoge (Republican) 56.1% Samuel McGowan (Conservative) 43.9%
South Carolina 4	Alexander S. Wallace	Republican	1868	Incumbent re-elected.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Alexander S. Wallace (Republican) 53.2% Joseph B. Kershaw (Conservative) 46.8%
South Carolina 5	Richard H. Cain Redistricted from the C	Republican	1872	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Robert Smalls (Republican) 79.4% J. P. M. Epping (Independent Republican) 19.9% Others 0.7%

Tennessee

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Tennessee 1	Roderick R. Butler	Republican	1867	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y William McFarland (Democratic) 55.54% Roderick R. Butler (Republican) 44.46%^[12]
Tennessee 2	Jacob M. Thornburgh	Republican	1872	Incumbent re-elected.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Jacob M. Thornburgh (Republican) 51.54% Alfred Caldwell (Democratic) 48.47%^[13]
Tennessee 3	William Crutchfield	Republican	1872	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y George G. Dibrell (Democratic) 65.71% D. M. Nelson (Republican) 31.60% William B. Stokes (Independent) 2.70%^[14]
Tennessee 4	John M. Bright	Democratic	1870	Incumbent redistricted to the C. New member elected. Democratic hold.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y John W. Head (Democratic) 100%^[15]^{[lower-alpha 10]}
Tennessee 5	Horace Harrison	Republican	1872	Incumbent redistricted to the C. New member elected. Democratic gain.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y John M. Bright (Democratic) 72.48% William H. Wisener (Republican) 27.16% J. D. Putnam (Independent) 0.36%^[16]
Tennessee 5	John M. Bright	Democratic	1870	Redistricted from the C.
Tennessee 6	Washington C. Whitthorne	Democratic	1870	Incumbent redistricted to the C. New member elected. Democratic hold.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y John F. House (Democratic) 62.40% Horace Harrison (Republican) 37.60%^[17]
Tennessee 6	Horace Harrison	Republican	1872	Redistricted from the C.
Tennessee 7	John D. C. Atkins	Democratic	1872	Incumbent redistricted to the C. New member elected. Democratic hold.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Washington C. Whitthorne (Democratic) 78.13% Theodore H. Gibbs (Republican) 14.32% G. W. Blackburn (Independent Republican) 7.55%^[18]
Tennessee 7	Washington C. Whitthorne	Democratic	1870	Redistricted from the C
Tennessee 8	David A. Nunn	Republican	1872	Incumbent redistricted to the C. New member elected. Democratic gain.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y John D. C. Atkins (Democratic) 66.36% T. C. Muse (Republican) 33.64%^[19]
Tennessee 8	John D. C. Atkins	Democratic	1872	Redistricted from the C.
Tennessee 9	Barbour Lewis	Republican	1872	Incumbent redistricted to the C. New member elected. Democratic gain.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> William P. Caldwell (Democratic) 72.05% David A. Nunn (Republican) 27.95%^[20]
Tennessee 9	David A. Nunn	Republican	1872	Redistricted from the C.
Tennessee 10	Barbour Lewis	Republican	1872	Incumbent redistricted from the C. New member elected. Democratic gain.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> H. Casey Young (Democratic) 60.38% Barbour Lewis (Republican) 39.62%^[21]

Texas

Utah Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Vermont

Virginia

Washington Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

West Virginia

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
West Virginia 1	John J. Davis	Independent Democratic	1870	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Benjamin Wilson (Democratic) 50.33% Nathan Goff Jr. (Republican) 49.67%^[22]
West Virginia 2	John Hagans	Republican	1872	Incumbent lost re-election as an Independent. New member elected. Democratic gain.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Charles J. Faulkner (Democratic) 57.51% Alexander Boteler (Republican) 40.32% John Hagans (Independent) 2.17%^[23]
West Virginia 3	Frank Hereford	Democratic	1870	Incumbent re-elected.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Frank Hereford (Democratic) 63.59% John Witcher (Republican) 36.41%^[24]

Wisconsin

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Wisconsin 1	Charles G. Williams	Republican	1872	Incumbent re-elected.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Charles G. Williams (Republican) 56.9% Nicholas D. Fratt (Democratic) 43.1%
Wisconsin 2	Gerry Whiting Hazelton	Republican	1870	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Lucien B. Caswell (Republican) 50.5% Amasa G. Cook (Democratic) 49.5%
Wisconsin 3	J. Allen Barber	Republican	1870	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Henry S. Magoon (Republican) 52.7% Charles F. Thompson (Democratic) 47.3%
Wisconsin 4	Alexander Mitchell	Democratic	1870	Incumbent retired. new member elected. Democratic hold.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y William Pitt Lynde (Democratic) 55.8% Harrison Ludington (Republican) 44.2%
Wisconsin 5	Charles A. Eldredge	Democratic	1862	Incumbent lost renomination. New member elected. Democratic hold.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Samuel D. Burchard (Democratic) 61.5% Hiram Barber (Republican) 38.5%
Wisconsin 6	Philetus Sawyer	Republican	1864	Incumbent retired. new member elected. Republican hold.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Alanson M. Kimball (Republican) 50.2% Gabriel Bouck (Democratic) 49.8%
Wisconsin 7	Jeremiah McLain Rusk	Republican	1870	Incumbent re-elected.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Jeremiah McLain Rusk (Republican) 57.4% David C. Fulton (Democratic) 42.6%
Wisconsin 8	Alexander S. McDill	Republican	1872	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y George W. Cate (Democratic) 50.0% Alexander S. McDill (Republican) 50.0%

Wyoming Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Non-voting delegates

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Delegate	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Arizona Territory at-large
Dakota Territory at-large	Moses K. Armstrong	Democratic	1870	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Jefferson P. Kidder (Republican) 67.74% Moses K. Armstrong (Democratic) 32.26%^[25]
Colorado Territory at-large	Jerome B. Chaffee	Republican	1870	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Thomas M. Patterson (Democratic) 56.3% Henry P. H. Bromwell (Republican) 44.7%^[26]
Idaho Territory at-large	John Hailey	Democratic	1872	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Independent gain. Result successfully contested. Democratic hold.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Stephen S. Fenn (Democratic) 51.02% Thomas W. Bennett (Independent) 48.98%^[27]
Montana Territory at-large	Martin Maginnis	Democratic	1872	Incumbent re-elected.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y Martin Maginnis (Democratic) 55.57% Cornelius Hedges (Republican) 44.43%^[28]
New Mexico Territory at-large
Utah Territory at-large
Washington Territory at-large
Wyoming Territory at-large	William R. Steele	Democratic	1872	Incumbent re-elected.	<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/> Y William R. Steele (Democratic) 56.53% Joseph M. Carey (Republican) 43.47%^[29]

Notes

↑ The majority of states held their elections on this date. 13 other states held regular elections on different dates between June 1, 1874 and September 7, 1875.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Includes late elections.
↑ Included 1 Independent Democrat.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Includes 3 Independent Republicans.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Includes 1 Independent Democrat, William H. Felton, elected to Georgia's 7th congressional district.
↑ There were 4 Independents, 3 Independent Republicans, and 1 Independent Democrat.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Elections held late.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 ^8.5 ^8.6 ^8.7 ^8.8 ^8.9 Elections held early.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Includes 1 Independent Republican.
↑ Died before term began.

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Martis, pp. 128–129.
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↑ Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721.
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Bibliography

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External links

Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)

[1] The majority of states held their elections on this date. 13 other states held regular elections on different dates between June 1, 1874 and September 7, 1875.

[late-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Includes late elections.

[1IR_1874-4] Included 1 Independent Democrat.

[3IR-5] 4.0 ^4.1 Includes 3 Independent Republicans.

[1ID-6] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Includes 1 Independent Democrat, William H. Felton, elected to Georgia's 7th congressional district.

[10] There were 4 Independents, 3 Independent Republicans, and 1 Independent Democrat.

[late2-11] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Elections held late.

[early-12] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 ^8.5 ^8.6 ^8.7 ^8.8 ^8.9 Elections held early.

[1IR-13] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Includes 1 Independent Republican.

[25] Died before term began.

[FOOTNOTEMartis128.E2.80.93129-3] 1.0 ^1.1 Martis, pp. 128–129.

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[14] Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721.

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1874 and 1875 United States House of Representatives elections

Contents

Special elections

Election summaries

Election dates

Alabama

Arkansas

Arizona Territory

California

Colorado Territory

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Idaho Territory

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa Territory

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana Territory

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico Territory

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah Territory

Vermont

Virginia

Washington Territory

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming Territory

Non-voting delegates

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

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