Abdulmejid I

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Abdulmejid I
Ottoman Caliph
Amir al-Mu'minin
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
Khan
File:Abdulmejid portrait.jpg
A painting of Abdulmejid by Konstantin Cretius.
31st Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Padishah)
Reign 2 July 1839 – 25 June 1861
Predecessor Mahmud II
Successor Abdulaziz
Grand Viziers
See list
Born 25 April 1823[1][2]
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Died Error: Need valid death date (first date): year, month, day
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Burial Yavuz Selim Mosque, Fatih, Istanbul
Consorts
See
Issue
Among others
See
Full name
Abdülmecid Han bin Mahmud[3]
Dynasty Ottoman
Father Mahmud II
Mother Bezmiâlem Sultan
Religion Sunni Islam
Tughra Abdulmejid I's signature

Abdulmejid I (Ottoman Turkish: عبد المجيد اول‎, Turkish: I. Abdülmecid; 25 April 1823 – 25 June 1861) was the 31st Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on 2 July 1839.[4] His reign was notable for the rise of nationalist movements within the empire's territories. Abdulmejid wanted to encourage Ottomanism among secessionist subject nations and stop rising nationalist movements within the empire, but despite new laws and reforms to integrate non-Muslims and non-Turks more thoroughly into Ottoman society, his efforts failed in this regard.

He tried to forge alliances with the major powers of Western Europe, namely the United Kingdom and France, who fought alongside the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War against Russia. During the Congress of Paris on 30 March 1856, the Ottoman Empire was officially included among the European family of nations.

Abdulmejid's biggest achievement was the announcement and application of the Tanzimat (reorganization) reforms which were prepared by his father and effectively started the modernization of the Ottoman Empire in 1839. For this achievement, one of the Imperial anthems of the Ottoman Empire, the March of Abdulmejid, was named after him.

Early life

Abdulmejid in his youth, by David Wilkie, 1840.

Abdulmejid was born on 25 April 1823 at the Beşiktaş Palace or at the Topkapı Palace, in Istanbul. His mother was his father's first wife in 1839, Valide Sultan Bezmiâlem, originally named Suzi (1807–1853), either a Circassian[5] or Georgian slave.[6][7][8]

Abdulmejid received a European education and spoke fluent French, being the first sultan to do so.[1] Like Abdülaziz who succeeded him, he was interested in literature and classical music. Like his father Mahmud II, he was an advocate of reforms and was lucky enough to have the support of progressive viziers such as Mustafa Reşit Pasha, Mehmet Emin Ali Paşa and Fuad Pasha. Abdulmejid was also the first sultan to directly listen to the public's complaints on special reception days, which were usually held every Friday without any middlemen. Abdulmejid toured the empire's territories to see in person how the Tanzimat reforms were being applied. He travelled to İzmit, Mudanya, Bursa, Gallipoli, Çanakkale, Lemnos, Lesbos and Chios in 1844 and toured the Balkan provinces in 1846.

Reign

When Abdulmejid succeeded to the throne on 2 July 1839 when he was only sixteen, he was young and inexperienced, the affairs of the Ottoman Empire were in a critical state. At the time his father died at the start of the Egyptian–Ottoman War, the news reached Istanbul that the empire's army had just been defeated at Nizip by the army of the rebel Egyptian viceroy, Muhammad Ali. At the same time, the empire's fleet was on its way to Alexandria, where it was handed over to Muhammad Ali by its commander Ahmed Fevzi Pasha, on the pretext that the young sultan's advisers had sided with Russia. However, through the intervention of the European powers during the Oriental Crisis of 1840, Muhammad Ali was obliged to come to terms, and the Ottoman Empire was saved from further attacks while its territories in Syria, Lebanon and Palestine were restored. The terms were finalised at the Convention of London (1840).[1]

Sultan Abdulmejid (left) with Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and Emperor Napoleon III of France
Dolmabahçe Palace, the first European-style palace in Istanbul, was built by Abdulmejid between 1843 and 1856, at a cost of five million Ottoman gold pounds, the equivalent of 35 tons of gold. Fourteen tons of gold was used to adorn the interior ceiling of the palace. The world's largest Bohemian crystal chandelier, a gift from Queen Victoria, is in the centre hall. The palace has the largest collection of Bohemian and Baccarat crystal chandeliers in the world, and even the staircases are made of Baccarat crystal.

Egyptian governor Mehmed Ali Pasha, who came to Istanbul as the official invitation of the sultan on 19 July 1846, was shown privileged hospitality by the sultan and the vükela (government ministers). So much so that the old vizier built the Galata bridge in 1845 so that he could drive between Beșiktaș Palace and Bab-ı Ali. [9]

In compliance with his father's express instructions, Abdulmejid immediately carried out the reforms to which Mahmud II had devoted himself. In November 1839 an edict known as the Hatt-ı Șerif of Gülhane, also known as Tanzimat Fermanı was proclaimed, consolidating and enforcing these reforms. The edict was supplemented at the close of the Crimean War by a similar statute issued in February 1856, named the Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856 (Islâhat Hatt-ı Hümâyûnu). By these enactments it was provided that all classes of the sultan's subjects should have their lives and property protected; that taxes should be fairly imposed and justice impartially administered; and that all should have full religious liberty and equal civil rights. The scheme met with strong opposition from the Muslim governing classes and the ulema, or religious authorities, and was only partially implemented, especially in the more remote parts of the empire. More than one conspiracy was formed against the sultan's life on account of it.[10]

Among measures promoted by Abdulmejid were:

  • Introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes (1840)
  • Reorganisation of the army, including the introduction of conscription (1842–1844)[1]
  • Adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag (1844)
  • Reorganisation of the finance system according to the French model
  • Reorganisation of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model[1]
  • Reorganisation of the court system, establishing a system of civil and criminal courts with both European and Ottoman judges.[1]
  • Establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye (1845) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament (1876)
  • Institution of a council of public instruction (1846)
  • Creation of the Ministry of Education[1]
  • According to legend,[11][12][13] plans to send humanitarian aid of £10,000[14] (£1,225,053.76 in 2019[15]) to Ireland during its Great Famine, but later agreed to reduce it to £1,000[14] (£122,505.38 in 2019[15]) at the insistence of either his own ministers or British diplomats to avoid violating protocol by giving more than Queen Victoria, who had made a donation of £2,000.[14]
  • Plans to abolish slave markets (1847)[14]
  • Plans to build a Protestant chapel (1847)[14]
  • Establishment of modern universities and academies (1848)
  • Establishment of an Ottoman school in Paris[1]
  • Abolition of a capitation tax which imposed higher tariffs on non-Muslims (1856)
  • Non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers in the Ottoman army (1856)
  • Various provisions for the better administration of the public service and for the advancement of commerce[10]
  • New land laws confirming the right of ownership (1858)[1]
During the reign of Abdulmejid, besides European style architecture and European style clothing adopted by the court, the Ottoman educational system was also mainly based on the European model.

Another notable reform was that the turban was officially outlawed for the first time during Abdulmejid's reign, in favour of the fez. European fashions were also adopted by the Court. (The fez would be banned in 1925 by the same Republican National Assembly that abolished the sultanate and proclaimed the Turkish Republic in 1923).

According to the memoirs of Cyrus Hamlin, Samuel Morse received an Order of Glory for his contributions to the telegraph, which was issued by Sultan Abdulmejid who personally tested Morse's new invention.

When Kossuth and others sought refuge in Turkey after the failure of the Hungarian uprising in 1849, the sultan was called on by Austria and Russia to surrender them, but he refused.[1] He also would not allow the conspirators against his own life to be put to death. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica says of him, "He bore the character of being a kind and honourable man, if somewhat weak and easily led. Against this, however, must be set down his excessive extravagance, especially towards the end of his life."[10]

In 1844 he created the Ottoman lira and in 1851 he instituted the Order of the Medjidie.[16]

The Crimean War medal issued by Abdulmejid to British, French and Sardinian allied personnel involved in the Crimean War (Sardinian issue)

The Ottoman Empire received the first of its foreign loans on 25 August 1854 during the Crimean War. This major foreign loan was followed by those of 1855, 1858 and 1860, which culminated in default and led to the alienation of European sympathy from the Ottoman Empire and indirectly to the later dethronement and death of Abdulmejid's brother Abdülaziz.[10]

On the one hand, financial imperfections, and on the other hand, the discontent caused by the wide privileges given to the non-Muslim subjects again led the country to confusion. Incidents took place in Jeddah in 1857 and in Montenegro in 1858. The major European states have taken the opportunity to intervene in their own interests. The Ottoman statesmen, who panicked in the face of this situation, started following a policy that fulfilled their every wish. The fact that Abdulmejid could not prevent this situation further increased the dissatisfaction caused by the Edict of Tanzimat.[17]

The opponents decided to eliminate Abdulmejid and put Abdulaziz on the throne in order to prevent the European states from acting like a guardian. Upon a notice, this revolt attempt, which was referred to as the Kuleli Foundation in history, was suppressed before it even started on 14 September 1859. Meanwhile, the financial situation deteriorated and foreign debts, which were taken under heavy conditions to cover the costs of war, placed a burden on the treasury. All of the debts received from Beyoğlu consumers exceeded eighty million gold liras. Some of the debt securities and hostages were taken by foreign traders and bankers. The Grand Vizier who criticized this situation harshly, was dismissed by the sultan on 18 October 1859.[17]

His success in foreign relations was not as notable as his domestic accomplishments. His reign started off with the defeat of his forces by the Viceroy of Egypt and the subsequent signing of the Convention of London (1840), which saved his empire from a greater embarrassment. The Ottomans successfully participated in the Crimean War and were winning signatories at the Treaty of Paris (1856). His attempts at strengthening his base in the Balkans failed in Bosnia and Montenegro, and in 1861 he was forced to give up Lebanon by the Concert of Europe.[1]

Although he emphasized his commitment to the ceremonial rules imposed by his ancestors at the ceremonies reflected outside, he adopted radical changes in the life of the palace. For example, he completely abandoned the Topkapı Palace, which was a place for four centuries, about the Ottoman dynasty. The traditions of the British, French, Italian troops and officers and diplomats who came to Istanbul during the Crimean War (1853-1856) directed even middle-class families to consumerism and luxury. [18]

Between 1847 and 1849 he had repairs made to the Hagia Sophia mosque, and was responsible for the construction of the Dolmabahçe Palace. He also founded the first French Theatre in Istanbul.[1]

Many reconstruction activities were also carried out during the reign of Abdulmecid. Palaces and mansions were built with some of the borrowed money. Dolmabahçe Palace (1853), Beykoz Pavilion (1855), Küçüksu Pavilion (1857), Küçük Mecidiye Mosque (1849), Teșvikiye Mosque (1854) are among the main architectural works of the period. Again in this period, as was done by Bezmiâlem Sultan's Gureba Hospital (1845-1846), the new Galata Bridge was put into service on the same date. In addition, many fountains, mosques, lodges and similar social institutions were repaired or rebuilt.[17]

Death

The türbe of Abdulmejid is located inside the Yavuz Selim Mosque in Fatih, Istanbul.

Abdulmejid died of tuberculosis (like his father) at the age of 38 on 25 June 1861 in Istanbul, and was buried in Yavuz Selim Mosque, and was succeeded by his younger half-brother Sultan Abdülaziz, son of Pertevniyal Sultan. At the time of his death, Abdulmejid had one legal wife and queen consort, Perestu Kadın, and many concubines.

Issue

Name Birth Death Notes
By Servetseza Kadın (married 1839; died 25 September 1878)
no issue
By Tirimüjgan Kadın (married 1839; died 3 October 1852)
Naime Sultan 11 October 1840[19][20][21] 1 May 1843[19][20][21] born in Topkapı Palace;[19] buried in Tomb of Mustafa III[19]
Abdul Hamid II 21 September 1842[22][20][23] 10 February 1918[23] married thirteen times, and had issue, eight sons and nine daughters
Şehzade Mehmed Abid 22 April 1848[22][24] 7 May 1848[22][24] born in Çırağan Palace;[22] buried in New Mosque[22]
By Düzdidil Kadın (married 1839; c. 1825 – 18 August 1845)
Mevhibe Sultan 31 May 1840[25][20] 9 February 1841[25][20] born in Çırağan Palace;[25] buried in Tomb of Abdul Hamid I[25]
Neyyire Sultan 13 October 1841[26][20] 18 December 1843[26][20] born in Beşiktaş Palace;[26] buried in Nuruosmaniye Mosque[26]
Münire Sultan 13 October 1841[19] 18 December 1843[19] born in Beşiktaş Palace;[19] buried in Nuruosmaniye Mosque[19]
Cemile Sultan 17 August 1843[27][20][28] 26 February 1915[29][28] married once, and had issue, four sons and three daughters
Samiye Sultan 23 February 1845[30][20] 18 April 1845[30][20] born in Topkapı Palace;[30] died in Çırağan Palace, and buried in New Mosque[30]
By Şevkefza Kadın (married 1839; died 17 September 1889)
Murad V 21 September 1840[31][20] 29 August 1904 married five times, and had issue one son and five daughters
Aliye Sultan 20 October 1842[27][20] 10 July 1845[27][20] born in Beşiktaş Palace;[27] buried in New Mosque[27]
By Zeynifelek Hanım (married 1839; died c. 1842)
Behiye Sultan 22 February 1841[26][20] 3 June 1847[26][20] born in Beşiktaş Palace;[26] buried in New Mosque[26]
By Gülcemal Kadın (married 1840; c. 1826 – 15 December 1851)
Fatma Sultan 1 November 1840[19][20][32] 26 August 1884[33][32] married twice, and had issue, one son and two daughters
Refia Sultan 7 February 1842[26][20][34] 4 January 1880[27][34] married once without issue
Mehmed V 2 November 1844[35][20][34] 3 July 1918[34] married five tines, and had issue, three sons and one daughter
By Verdicenan Kadın (married 1844; c. 1825 – 9 December 1889)
Münire Sultan 9 December 1844[30][20] 29 June 1862[30] married twice, and had issue, a son
Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin 16 July 1848[24] 26 April 1905[36] married once, and had issue, two daughters
By Perestu Kadın (married 1844; c. 1830 – c. 1904)
no issue
By Nükhetsezâ Hanım (married 1845; 2 January 1827 – 15 May 1850)
Şehzade Ahmed 5 June 1846[37][20] 6 June 1846[37][20] born in Çırağan Palace;[37] buried in New Mosque[37]
Nazime Sultan 26 November 1847[38][24] 1 December 1847[38][24] born in Beylerbeyi Palace;[38] buried in New Mosque[38]
Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin 23 May 1849[25][24][28] 4 November 1876[28] married twice, and had issue, a son[39]
By Mahitab Kadın (married 1845; died c. 1888)
Sabiha Sultan 15 April 1848[38][24] 27 April 1849[38][24] born in Çırağan Palace;[38] Buried in New Mosque[38]
Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin 31 March 1852[40][24] 3 January 1884[40] married once without issue[39]
Zekiye Sultan 24 February 1855[41][24] 18 February 1856[41][24] buried in Tomb of Gülüstü Hanım
Fehime Sultan 24 February 1855[42][24] 10 November 1856[42][24] buried in Tomb of Gülüstü Hanım
By Nesrin Hanım (married 1846; died 2 January 1853)
Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin 22 November 1846[43][20] 27 April 1849[43][20] buried in New Mosque
Behice Sultan 26 August 1848[38][28] 21 December 1876[44][28] married once without issue
Şehzade Mehmed Bahaeddin 24 June 1850[45][24] 9 November 1852[45][24] buried in New Mosque
Şehzade Mehmed Nizameddin 24 June 1850[19][24] 9 November 1852[19][24] buried in New Mosque
By Nergizev Hanım (married 1847; died 26 October 1848)
Şehzade Mehmed Fuad 7 July 1848[46][24] 28 September 1848[46][24] born in Çırağan Palace;[46] buried in New Mosque[46]
By Bezmiara Kadın (married 1847; fl. 1847 — 1872)
Mükbile Sultan 22 February 1850[44][24] 21 March 1850[44][24] born in Çırağan Palace;[44] buried in New Mosque[44]
By Nalandil Hanım (married 1851; died c. 1865)
Seniha Sultan 21 December 1851[19][24][47] 15 September 1931[48] married once, and had issue, two sons
Şehzade Mehmed Abdüssamed 20 March 1853[49][24] 5 May 1855[49][24] buried in Yavuz Selim Mosque[49]
Şehime Sultan 31 January 1855[50][51] 22 May 1857[50][51] buried in Tomb of Gülüstü Hanım[50]
By Ceylanyar Hanım (married 1851; died 27 December 1855)
Şehzade Mehmed Rüşdü 31 March 1852[49][24] 5 August 1852[49][24] born in Çırağan Palace;[49] buried in Tomb of Abdul Hamid I[49]
By Serfiraz Hanım (married 1851; c. 1837 – 9 June 1905)
Şehzade Osman Seyfeddin 9 June 1852[46][24] 2 July 1855[46][24] born in Çırağan Palace;[46] buried in Yavuz Selim Mosque[46]
Bedia Sultan 1 October 1857[52][51] 12 July 1858[52][51] buried in Tomb of Gülüstü Hanım[52]
Şehzade Selim Süleyman 25 July 1860[46][51][48] 16 June 1909[48] married five times, and had issue, two sons and one daughter
By Şayeste Hanım (married 1851; c. 1838 – 11 February 1912) 
Stillborn son 3 February 1853[45][24] 3 February 1853[45][24] unknown place of burial
Naile Sultan 30 September 1856[52][51][21] 18 January 1882[52][21] married once without issue
By Navekmisal Hanım (married 1853; died 5 August 1854)
no issue
By Gülüstü Hanım (married 1855; died c. 1865)
Mediha Sultan 31 July 1856[42][51][53] 7 November 1928[52][53] married twice, and had issue, a son
Mehmed VI 14 January 1861[51][54] 16 May 1926[54] married five times, and had issue, one son and three daughters
By unknown consorts
Şehzade Mehmed Vamik 19 April 1850[24] 6 August 1850[24] buried in New Mosque
Stillborn daughter 16 December 1858[51] 16 December 1858[51] unknown place of burial
Stillborn daughter 30 May 1860[51] 30 May 1860[51] unknown place of burial

Honours

In fiction

  • A fictionalized version of Abdulmejid I appears in the 2008 novel The Bellini Card, by Jason Goodwin.[57]

References

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Sources

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External links

Media related to Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. at Wikimedia Commons

Wikisource logo Works written by or about Abdulmejid I at Wikisource

  •  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Abdulmejid I
Born: 23 April 1823 Died: 25 June 1861
Regnal titles
Preceded by Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
2 July 1839 – 25 June 1861		 Succeeded by
Abdulaziz
Sunni Islam titles
Preceded by Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate
2 July 1839 – 25 June 1861		 Succeeded by
Abdulaziz

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  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ There are sources that state his birth date as 23 April.
  3. ↑ Garo Kürkman, (1991), Osmanlılarda Ölçü Ve Tartılar, p. 61
  4. ↑ Chambers Biographical Dictionary, ISBN 0-550-18022-2, page 3
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Bezmiâlem Valide Sultan, Bezmiâlem Vakıf Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi Archived 6 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ↑ The Private World of Ottoman Women by Godfrey Goodwin, 2007, p.157
  9. ↑ Sakaoğlu 2015, p. 413.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Christine Kinealy (2013), Charity and the Great Hunger in Ireland: The Kindness of Strangers, p. 115
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ The Americana, Vol.15, Ed. Frederick Converse Beach, George Edwin Rines, (1912);[1]
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Sakaoğlu 2015, p. 422.
  19. ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 Uluçay 2011, p. 218.
  20. ↑ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 20.14 20.15 20.16 20.17 20.18 20.19 20.20 20.21 20.22 Paşa 1960, p. 144.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Brookes 2010, p. 285.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Uluçay 2011, p. 205.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Brookes 2010, p. 277.
  24. ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 24.12 24.13 24.14 24.15 24.16 24.17 24.18 24.19 24.20 24.21 24.22 24.23 24.24 24.25 24.26 24.27 24.28 24.29 24.30 24.31 Paşa 1960, p. 145.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 Uluçay 2011, p. 217.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7 26.8 Uluçay 2011, p. 220.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 Uluçay 2011, p. 221.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 Brookes 2010, p. 279.
  29. ↑ Uluçay 2011, p. 224.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 Uluçay 2011, p. 225.
  31. ↑ Uluçay 2011, p. 205-6.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Brookes 2010, p. 281.
  33. ↑ Uluçay 2011, p. 219.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Brookes 2010, p. 288.
  35. ↑ Uluçay 2011, p. 209.
  36. ↑ Brookes 2010, p. 283.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 Uluçay 2011, p. 216-17.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.7 38.8 Uluçay 2011, p. 226.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Uluçay 2011, p. 210.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Uluçay 2011, p. 228.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Uluçay 2011, p. 229.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Uluçay 2011, p. 215.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 Uluçay 2011, p. 227.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 Uluçay 2011, p. 216.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 46.6 46.7 46.8 Uluçay 2011, p. 214.
  47. ↑ Brookes 2010, p. 289.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 Brookes 2010, p. 290.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 Uluçay 2011, p. 212.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Uluçay 2011, p. 227-28.
  51. ↑ 51.00 51.01 51.02 51.03 51.04 51.05 51.06 51.07 51.08 51.09 51.10 51.11 Paşa 1960, p. 146.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 52.5 Uluçay 2011, p. 231.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Brookes 2010, p. 284.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Brookes 2010, p. 291.
  55. ↑ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 59
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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