Bermudian dollar

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Bermudian dollar
ISO 4217 code BMD
Monetary authority Bermuda Monetary Authority
 Website www.bma.bm
Date of introduction 6 February 1970 (1970-02-06)
User(s)  Bermuda (alongside the United States dollar)
Inflation 2.4%
 Source The World Factbook, 2012
Pegged with United States dollar (at par)
Subunit
 1/100 cent
Symbol $
Coins
 Freq. used 1, 5, 10, 25 cents, $1
 Rarely used 50 cents, $5
Banknotes $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100
Printer De La Rue
Mint Royal Mint

The Bermudian dollar (symbol: $; code: BMD; also abbreviated BD$) is the official currency of the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda. It is subdivided into 100 cents. The Bermudian dollar is not normally traded outside of Bermuda, and is pegged to the United States dollar at a one-to-one ratio. Both currencies circulate in Bermuda on an equal basis.

History

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See also: Bermudian pound

For nearly four hundred years Spanish dollars, known as "pieces of eight" were in widespread use on the world's trading routes, including the Caribbean region.[1] However, following the revolutionary wars in Latin America, the source of these silver trade coins, dried up.[2] The United Kingdom had adopted a very successful gold standard in 1821, and so the year 1825 was an opportune time to introduce the British sterling coinage into all the British colonies.[2] An imperial Order in Council was passed in that year for the purposes of facilitating this aim by making sterling coinage legal tender in the colonies at the specified rate of 1 Spanish dollar to 4 shillings, 4 pence sterling.[3] As the sterling silver coins were attached to a gold standard, this exchange rate did not realistically represent the value of the silver in the Spanish dollars as compared to the value of the gold in the British gold sovereign.[4] Because of this, the conversion had the opposite effect in many colonies, and actually drove sterling coinage out of circulation, rather than encouraged its use.[5]

Remedial legislation had to be introduced in 1838 so as to change over to the more realistic rating of $1 = 4s 2d. However, in Jamaica, British Honduras, Bermuda, and later in the Bahamas also, the official rating was set aside in favour of what was known as the 'Maccaroni' tradition in which a British shilling, referred to as a 'Maccaroni', was treated as one quarter of a dollar. The common link between these four territories was the Bank of Nova Scotia which brought in the 'Maccaroni' tradition, resulting in the successful introduction of both sterling coinage and sterling accounts. It wasn't however until 1 January 1842 that the authorities in Bermuda formally decided to make sterling the official currency of the colony to circulate concurrently with Doubloons (64 shillings) at the rate of $1 = 4s 2d. Contrary to expectations, and unlike in the Bahamas where US dollars circulated concurrently with sterling, the Bermudas did not allow themselves to be drawn into the U. S. currency area. The Spanish dollars fell away in the 1850s but returned again in the 1870s following the international silver crisis of 1873. In 1874, the Bermuda merchants agreed unanimously to decline to accept the heavy imports of U.S. currency except at a heavy discount, and it was then exported again. And in 1876, legislation was passed to demonetise the silver dollars for fear of them returning. In 1882, the local 'legal tender act' demonetised the gold doubloon, which had in effect been the real standard in Bermuda, and this left pounds, shillings, and pence as the sole legal tender.

The pound sterling remained the official currency of Bermuda until 1970, though the Government of Bermuda did issue its own pound banknotes.[6] With U.S. and Canadian coins regularly appearing in circulation in Bermuda and the possibility of the devaluation of the pound sterling, Bermuda was compelled to adopt its own decimal currency.[7] On 6 February 1970, Bermuda introduced a new decimal currency in the form of a dollar. The nascent Bermuda dollars circulated in conjunction with the new British decimal coinage a year before it was introduced in the United Kingdom.[8] By adopting decimalisation early, Bermuda was also able place orders for the coinage from the Royal Mint before other Commonwealth countries seeking to decimalise could.[7] The link between the Bermudian dollar and the pound sterling was not broken until 31 July 1972, which allowed Bermuda to align to a one-to-one exchange rate with that of the United States.[9] The decision for Bermuda to peg its dollar to the U.S. dollar added convenience for the multitude of American tourists and businesses with whom Bermuda largely relied on.[10]

Bermudian 50-cent coins

Coins

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See also: Commemorative coins of Bermuda

Prior to decimalisation and conversion to the dollar, the Government of Bermuda did not issue its own coins, other than the commemorative Bermuda crowns, since the 19th Century at the latest. In 1970, the Bermuda Monetary Authority introduced coinage with denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 cents. From its inception, the 1-cent coin was struck out of bronze until 1988, when it was replaced with copper-plated steel. The composition of the 1-cent coin was changed to copper-plated zinc in 1991.[9] All other denominations, at the time, were minted from cupronickel. Nickel-brass 1-dollar and 5-dollar coins were issued in 1983; neither were very popular, with the 5-dollar coin eventually being withdrawn from circulation on 1 January 1990.[11] New 1-dollar coins that were thinner and one-third lighter than the 1983 issue were produced in 1988.[12] The 50-cent denomination was also phased out, with the coins being called in on 1 May 1990.[13] All denominations of Bermuda coinage depict the monarch of the United Kingdom on the obverse, currently Queen Elizabeth II. From 1970 through 1985, the royal effigy by Arnold Machin was used, followed by an effigy by Raphael Maklouf from 1986 through 1998.[9] The current obverse, introduced in 1999, is the royal effigy sculpted by Ian Rank-Broadley.

Bermuda has occasionally released commemorative coins to celebrate certain events, historical milestones, flora, and fauna. These coins bear a face value, but are generally seen more as collector's items or stores of value. Notable among these are the so-called "Bermuda triangles", which are pressed on special lobed triangular planchets, are minted in gold and silver, and come in denominations divisible by three.

Coins in circulation
Image Value Technical parameters Description[14] Date of
Obverse Reverse Composition Mass Diameter Edge Obverse Reverse First
minting		 Withdrawal Lapse
1 cent Bronze (1970–1987) 3.11 g 19 mm Plain Elizabeth II Wild hog 1970 — —
Copper-plated steel
(1988–1990)		 2.80 g
Copper-plated zinc
(1991–present)		 2.50 g
5 cents Cupronickel 5.00 g 21.2 mm Plain Elizabeth II Angelfish 1970 — —
10 cents Cupronickel 2.45 g 17.9 mm Milled Elizabeth II Bermuda Easter lilies 1970 — —
25 cents Cupronickel 5.92 g 25 mm Milled Elizabeth II Longtail in flight 1970 — —
50 cents Cupronickel 12.60 g 30.5 mm Milled Elizabeth II Coat of arms of Bermuda 1970 1 May 1990[13] 30 April 2000[13]
1 dollar Nickel–brass 9.50 g 22.5 mm Milled and inscribed with
"Bermuda Monetary Authority"		 Elizabeth II Bermuda map and cahow 1983 — —
7.56 g 26 mm Alternating plain and milled Bermuda-fitted dinghy 1988 — —
5 dollars Nickel-brass 25.5 mm Milled and inscribed with
"Bermuda Monetary Authority"		 Elizabeth II Bermuda map and onion 1983 1 January 1990[11] 31 December 1999[11]

Banknotes

In the 20th century, its pound notes were issued in all denominations (and the only coins used were UK ones). In 1970, the government introduced dollar notes in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 dollars. From 1974, the Bermuda Monetary Authority took over paper money production, introducing 100 dollar notes in 1982 and 2 dollars in 1988, when the 1 dollar was replaced by a coin. 1970 dollar notes are all printed with Bermuda Government across the top. Later notes substitute Bermuda Monetary Authority. All of the "legacy" banknotes were withdrawn from circulation on 1 January 2014, but still able to be exchanged for new banknotes for 10 years.[15][16] Including the original 1970 series, all horizontal-style banknotes will be phased out in favor of the vertical, 2009 series.[17]

2000 series
Pick
No.		 Image Value Dimensions[18] Main Colours[19] Description[18][20] Date of
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark First printing Withdrawal
50 [1] [2] $2 140 × 68 mm Blue and green on multicolour Elizabeth II and seahorse Map of Bermuda and Royal Naval Dockyard Tuna fish 24 May 2000 1 January 2014
51 [3] [4] $5 Purple and burgundy on multicolour Elizabeth II and Conch shell St. David's Lighthouse and town of St. George's
52 [5] [6] $10 Dark blue and mauve on multicolour Elizabeth II and Oleander flowers Flatt's Inlet, cahow, and seashell
53 [7] [8] $20 Green and red on multicolour Elizabeth II and Burnaby House Ely's Harbour and Somerset Bridge
54 Bermudian $50 2000 reverse.jpg $50 Bluish black, red and brown on multicolour Elizabeth II and Commissioner's House Map of Bermuda and Scuba divers exploring shipwreck
55 [9] [10] $100 Red-orange and brown on multicolour Elizabeth II and Bermudiana flowers House of Assembly of Bermuda and Camden House
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixels per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.
Commemorative series
Pick
No.		 Image Value Dimensions[18] Main colour Description[18][20] Date of
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark Printing Withdrawal
40 [11] [12] $50 140 × 68 mm Multicolour Elizabeth II and Commissioner's House
Christopher Columbus Quincentenary 1492–1992		 Map of Bermuda and scuba divers exploring shipwreck Tuna fish 12 October 1992 1 January 2014
46 [13] [14] $100 Elizabeth II and Bermudiana flowers
25th Anniversary Bermuda Monetary Authority 1969–1994		 House of Assembly of Bermuda and Camden House 20 February 1994
47 [15] [16] $20 Elizabeth II and Burnaby House
To commemorate the opening of the 'Burnaby House' by the Bermuda Monetary Authority		 Ely's Harbour and Somerset Bridge 17 January 1997
56 [17] [18] $50 Elizabeth II and Commissioner's House
To Commemorate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II 1953–2003		 Map of Bermuda and scuba divers exploring shipwreck 2 June 2003
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixels per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

Redesign

In 2008, it was announced that banknotes would be redesigned in celebration of Bermuda's 400th anniversary, the first redesign since the launch of the dollar.[21] The new designs were described as "distinctly Bermudian",[22] with Queen Elizabeth II being relegated to a minor position,[23] using a royal effigy by Machin.[24] They feature themes and scenes of maritime Bermuda, and like their predecessors are coloured by value. The serial number prefix on the first million notes is that of a Bermuda onion; subsequent notes will bear a conventional prefix. The series was issued on 9 March 2009.[25] The Bermuda Monetary Authority was awarded "Bank Note of the Year" by the International Banknote Society for the design of the new $2 banknote.[26] The 2009-series $50 banknote was modified in August 2012 to depict the correct species of longtail native to Bermuda.[27]

2009 series
Pick
No.		 Image Value Dimensions[28] Main Colour Description[29] Date of
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark First printing Issue
57 [19] [20] $2 140 × 68 mm Turquoise Bluebird (Sialia sialis) Dockyard Clock Tower and statue of Neptune Hibiscus flower 1 January 2009 9 March 2009[25]
58 [21] [22] $5 Pink Blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) Horseshoe Bay Beach and Somerset Bridge
59 [23] [24] $10 Purple Blue angelfish (Holacanthus bermudensis) Deliverance and Commissioner's House
60 [25] [26] $20 Green Whistling frog Gibbs Hill Lighthouse and St. Mark's Church
61 [27] [28] $50 Yellow Longtail† (Phaethon) St. Peter's Church
62 [29] [30] $100 Red Red cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) House of Assembly of Bermuda
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixels per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.
†Originally depicted the red-billed tropicbird erroneously, changed to the indigenous white-tailed tropicbird in 2012.
Current BMD exchange rates
From Google Finance: AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD KRW
From Yahoo! Finance: AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD KRW
From XE: AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD KRW
From OANDA: AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD KRW
From fxtop.com: AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD KRW
From Currency.Wiki: AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD KRW

See also

References

  1. ↑ Chalmers 1893, p. 152.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Chalmers 1893, p. 23.
  3. ↑ Chalmers 1893, p. 158.
  4. ↑ Chalmers 1893, pp. 24–25.
  5. ↑ Chalmer 1893, p. 25.
  6. ↑ Standard Catalog of World Paper Money 2009, pp. 113–114.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Standard Catalog of World Coins 2010, p. 205.
  10. ↑ Kennedy 2005, pp. 149–150.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ "Bermuda Monetary Authority" 1988, pp. 4–5.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Standard Catalog of World Paper Money 2009, pp. 117–118.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Bermuda Monetary Authority" 1988, pp. 2–3.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Julia Lee, Stamp Magazine #75-11, November 2009, page 28, confirmed by pictures of the notes reproduced on "Bermuda issues new note series", Banknote News, March 28, 2009, retrieved October 7, 2009.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ "Bermuda Monetary Authority" 2007, p. 2.
  29. ↑ "Bermuda Monetary Authority" 2007, pp. 3–4.

Sources

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External links

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