This is a good article. Click here for more information.

Ethiopian Airlines

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search
Ethiopian Airlines
የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ
Ethiopian Airlines Logo.svg
IATA ICAO Callsign
ET ETH ETHIOPIAN
Founded 21 December 1945; 78 years ago (1945-12-21)
Commenced operations 8 April 1946 (1946-04-08)
Hubs Bole International Airport
Frequent-flyer program ShebaMiles
Airport lounge
  • Cloud Nine Lounge
  • ShebaMiles Lounge
Alliance Star Alliance
Fleet size 76
Destinations
  • 101 (Passenger)
  • 23 (Cargo)
Company slogan The New Spirit of Africa
Parent company Ethiopian Government (100%)
Headquarters Bole International Airport, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Key people
  • Abadula Gemeda (Board Chairman)[1]
  • Tewolde Gebremariam (CEO)
  • Kassim Geressu (CFO)[2]
  • Gobena Mikael (CCO)[2]
  • Mesfin Tassew (COO)[2]
Revenue Increase ETB 33.815 billion(FY 2012)
Net income Increase ETB 1.049 billion(FY 2012)[3]
Profit Increase ETB 2.031 billion(FY 2012)[4][5]
Total assets Increase ETB 26.368 billion(FY 2012)[3]
Total equity Decrease ETB  2.772 billion(FY 2012)[3]
Employees 8,066 (Dec, 2014)[6]
Website www.ethiopianairlines.com

Ethiopian Airlines (Amharic: የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ (Yäitəyop̣əya äyärə mänəgädə); የኢትዮጵያ (Yäitəyop̣əya)? in short), formerly Ethiopian Air Lines (EAL) and often referred to as simply Ethiopian, is Ethiopia's flag carrier[7] and is wholly owned by the country's government. EAL was founded on 21 December 1945 and commenced operations on 8 April 1946, expanding to international flights in 1951. The firm became a share company in 1965, and changed its name from Ethiopian Air Lines to Ethiopian Airlines. The airline has been a member of the International Air Transport Association since 1959, and of the African Airlines Association (AFRAA) since 1968.[8] Ethiopian is a Star Alliance member, having joined in December 2011 (2011-12).

Its hub[9] and headquarters are at Bole International Airport in Addis Ababa, from where it serves a network of 82 passenger destinations —19 of them domestic— and 23 freighter ones. Ethiopian flies to more destinations in Africa than any other carrier. It is one of the fastest-growing companies in the industry,[10][11] and is among the largest on the African continent.[12] It is also one of the few profitable airlines in the Sub-Saharan region.[13] The airline's cargo division was awarded The African Cargo Airline of the Year in early 2011.[11][14][15] Recently, Ethiopian won the Best Regional Airline of the Year award at the 41st Annual Airline Industry Achievement Awards by Air Transport World (ATW), held in Washington, D.C. on 25 February 2015.[16]

History

The 1940s: early years

After the liberation of Ethiopia, Emperor Haile Selassie I asked the United States, the United Kingdom, and France to help him to establish an airline as part of his modernisation effort.[17] According to the BBC News it is possible that the Emperor intended the creation of a quality national airline to help dispel impressions of Ethiopian poverty.[18] In 1945, the Ethiopian government began negotiations with both Transcontinental Air Transport and Western Air Express (later merged into TWA). On 8 September 1945, TWA signed an agreement with the American historian and foreign affairs advisor to Ethiopia John H. Spencer to establish a commercial aviation company in Ethiopia.[19]

The carrier, originally called Ethiopian Air Lines (EAL),[20] was founded on 21 December 1945,[21][22] with an initial investment of ETB 2,5 million,[23] divided in 25,000 shares that were entirely held by the government.[24] The company was financed by the Ethiopian government but managed by TWA. At the beginning, it relied upon American pilots, technicians, administrators and accountants; even its General Managers were from TWA.[19][25][26] Minister of Works and Communications Fitawrari Tafasse Habte Mikael became EAL's first president and chairman, whereas H. H. Holloway —who was American— was appointed by TWA as general manager. The board held the first meeting on 26 December 1945 (1945-12-26), with a key point of the agenda being the deposit of E£75,000 in a bank in Cairo for the acquisition of aircraft and spare parts. Shortly afterwards, the airline was in negotiations for landing rights with Aden, Egypt, French Somaliland, Saudi Arabia and Sudan, and five Douglas C-47s were bought; these aircraft were flown to Addis Ababa in February 1946 (1946-02).[24]

An Ethiopian Airlines Douglas DC-3 at Lalibela Airport in 1974.

The new airline had its maiden flight to Nairobi carrying a shipment of East African currency equivalent to US$3.7 million in February 1946 (1946-02),[24] but it was on 8 April 1946 (1946-04-08) that the carrier had its first revenue scheduled service;[21][22] it travelled the Addis Ababa–Asmara–Cairo route using one of five Douglas C-47 Skytrains acquired from the US Government.[19][20] This route later operated on a weekly basis.[20] The Skytrains were initially intended for military use, although Ethiopian operated them in a mixed passenger-cargo configuration.[24][27][28] Soon afterwards, the carrier launched services to Aden and Djibouti, as well as a domestic flight to Jimma.[20] The main five routes in the early years were Addis Ababa–Asmara, Addis Ababa–Djibouti–Aden, Addis Ababa–Khartoum, Addis Ababa–Cairo (routed via Jeddah or Khartoum) and Asmara–Khartoum.[24]

Henry Bruce Obermiller replaced Holloway as a general manager in June 1946 (1946-06). In July the same year, four more Skytrains were incorporated into the fleet. New scheduled services to Sheikh Othman and Nairobi were launched in July 1946 (1946-07) and June 1947 (1947-06), respectively.[24] In 1947, Waldon Gene Golien became the carrier's general manager,[24] and the company started operating charter flights to Jeddah during the Hajj season.[20] That year in February, three more Douglas C-47s were acquired to operate new international routes.[20] A service to Mukalla was inaugurated in June 1947 (1947-06). In September, Port Sudan was added to the route network —it had been previously served as a technical landing on the route to Cairo—, Lydda was incorporated as a scheduled destination in October and charter flights to Bombay were launched in November. Services to Lydda and Mukalla were discontinued in February and April 1948 (1948-04), respectively. In September, the route to Bombay started being flown on a scheduled basis in cooperation with BOAC, with EAL carrying passengers as far as Aden, and the British enterprise flying them on the Aden–Bombay sector.[24] The route also included stops at Mesirah Island in Oman and Karachi.[29] For a brief period until April 1948 (1948-04), Mesirah Island was used as a refuelling stop; since then, services to French Somaliland and Aden started on a twice-weekly basis. EAL was allowed to fly to Aden using Sheik 'Othman Airport, located 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) away from the city, whereas BOAC used the Khormaksar Airport facilities, just 3 miles (4.8 km) away from the city. Aden was under British rule at the time as also was Sudan, and the British empìre denied EAL landing rights at Khartoum, forcing the airline to move the refuelling stop on the Aden route to Port Sudan.[30] The carrier recorded a £40,000 profit for 1949.[31]

The 1950s: start of long-haul routes

Services to Bombay were withdrawn in July 1950 (1950-07).[30] Also this year, a US$1,000,000 (equivalent to $9,835,408 in 2021) loan granted from the Ex-Im Bank enabled the carrier to incorporate Convair CV-240s, aimed at operating international routes.[32] Two CV-240s, named ″Eagle of Ethiopia″ and ″Haile Selassie I″, entered the fleet in December 1950 (1950-12);[30] starting January 1951 (1951-01), these aircraft were subsequently deployed on the Addis Ababa–Cairo, Addis Ababa–Nairobi, and Addis Ababa–Jeddah–Dhahran–Karachi routes,[20][33] with Dhahran and Sharjah being incorporated to the route network on 20 February.[30] In April 1952 (1952-04), the airline was appointed general sales agent for TWA in Kenya, Tanganyka, Uganda and Zanzibar,[34] and by May the same year the fleet consisted of two Convair-Liner 240s and nine Douglas DC-3s or their subtypes, operating a route network that was 7,000 miles (11,000 km) long.[35] Services to India and Sharjah were discontinued in 1953. On 14 Jul, a new agreement with TWA that succeeded the original one was signed. Unlike other companies, the airline's preamble stated that it was ″the ultimate aim that EAL shall eventually be operated entirely by Ethiopian personnel″.[36]

A new service to Athens via Khartoum and Wadi Halfa was launched on 3 April 1954 (1954-04-03). A third Convair CV-240 (″The Spiritual Power″) was purchased from Sabena in 1955 for US$560,000 (equivalent to $4,946,783 in 2021).[36] These aircraft were equipped with rocket-assisted take-off devices.[37] This was a common practice for a small number of airlines in the World that EAL had abandoned by April 1956 (1956-04).[38] Also in 1955, Ethiopian inaugurated a self-owned maintenance facility.[20] That year, Vic Harrell succeeded Swede Golien as general manager of the company.[36] The carrier was in need of newer and larger aircraft, and three different aircraft types —two from the Lockheed Corporation, the Constellation and the Electra, and the Douglas DC-6— were considered for the fleet renewal programme. Two Douglas DC-6Bs were eventually ordered in 1956 for US$4 million, including spares;[36] an option for a third machine was also taken.[39] Another loan obtained from the Ex-Im Bank, a GB£8,5 million one dating back to 1955, was partly used to finance the two purchased aircraft.[39][40]

Benghazi was briefly served between 7 November 1956 (1956-11-07) and 15 January 1957 (1957-01-15). During 1957, a third DC-6B was purchased. Likewise, that year the airline had been asked to take a Lockheed L-749 that had been given as a gift to the Emperor, who declined it. Ethiopian paid US$1.6 million for this airframe, and it was incorporated into the fleet on 4 June; the aircraft was destroyed by fire on 10 Jul in an accident in Sudan. Two Yemeni cities, Hodeida and Taiz were first served on 1 September 1957 (1957-09-01). On 23 May 1958 (1958-05-23), flights to Wadi Halfa were terminated. The incorporation of three Douglas DC-6Bs took place between May and July,[36] and EAL started a new link between Addis Ababa and Athens, via Cairo, using these recently delivered aircraft.[41] On 21 Jun, the route was extended both to the north and to the south so that Frankfurt and Nairobi became linked by the same corridor, operated with DC-6Bs.[36][42] By this time, the Convairs were redeployed to serve domestic and regional routes. Given that radio operators were no longer required as part of flight crews, they were assigned other tasks with the airline. Swissair handled the pilot training for the DC-6B aircraft at Zurich. The suspension of fifth freedom rights between Djibouti and Aden prompted the discontinuance of the route that linked them. EAL joined the International Air Transport Association (IATA) on 1 January 1959 (1959-01-01). During the year, two Boeing 720Bs were ordered and scheduled for delivery in December 1961 (1961-12), two more DC-6Bs entered the fleet, services to Nairobi were suspended once more and the airline's list of domestic destinations saw the incorporation of Bulchi, Dodollo, Lalibela and Masawa.[36]

The 1960s and 1970s: the jet age

Port Sudan was removed from the list of destinations on 1 March 1960 (1960-03-01). The airline had its first fatal accident on 15 July when a DC-3 crashed en route from Bulchi to Jimma, killing the pilot. A Convair 240 was sold to Allied Stores of Israel on 18 July. On 12 August, an order with Boeing for two Boeing 720B aircraft was placed.[43] EAL's general manager had already brought the idea of acquiring two jet aircraft for long-haul operations up already in February, suggesting the Boeing 720B.[44] The Sud SE-210 Caravelle, the de Havilland D.H.106 Comet 4 and the Boeing 720B were all taken into account. Hot and high condition of some EAL operations made the Caravelle inappropriate, whereas the Comet was considered obsolete. The first East–West link made by an African airline started on 8 November, when the Addis Ababa–Accra–Lagos–Monrovia route was launched using DC-6B equipment.[43]

The second fatal accident took place on 5 September 1961 when another DC-3 crashed shortly after takeoff from Sendafar; a flight attendant and four passengers lost their lives in the accident. The event urged the Civil Aviation Department to investigate the accidents. It was found that the lack of infrastructure at many airfields, marginal even for DC-3 operations, was a major contribution. Landing sites at Gore, Mizan Teferi and Tippi were included in the list of airfields that would require closure. On 13 January 1962, the crew and four passengers lost their lives in another accident involving a DC-3 —registration ET-T-1, EAL's first aircraft of the type—, this time the crash taking place at Tippi while the aircraft was taking off. The event prompted the government to decide the closure of the airfields at both Mizan Teferi and Tippi. In March 1962 (1962-03), two more DC-3s were acquired, and registered ET-ABE and ET-ABF. During the year, the ″ET-T-″ registration would change to simply ″ET-″. Jack B. Asire became general manager in April 1962 (1962-04).[43]

An Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 720B on short final to London Heathrow Airport in 1982.

It was also decided to build a new airport to replace the Lideta Airfield, unable to accommodate the Boeing 720 jetliner the company intended to acquire.[20][45] This was the birth of Bole International Airport, where the company set its headquarters.[20] In December 1962 (1962-12), the arrival of two Boeing 720s ordered directly from Boeing marked the carrier's entrance into the jet age. These two aircraft were registered ET-AAG and ET-AAH and were named ″Blue Nile″ and ″White Nile″, respectively. The first jet service took place on 15 January 1963 (1963-01-15) when one of these aircraft was deployed on the route to Nairobi. The following day, a new service to Madrid was flown using the new jet equipment, with Frankfurt joining the jet network soon afterwards. On 1 April, the Boeing 720 replaced the DC-6B on the Addis Ababa–Athens route; during that month, the West African corridor also benefited from jet operations. The airline entered into a pool agreement with Aden Airways and Sudan Airways on the Khartoum–Asmara–Aden service. A new flight to Conakry was launched on 8 May 1963 (1963-05-08). Kano, which had been served since 18 March 1962 (1962-03-18), was removed from the list of destinations that day. On 30 November 1963, the airline lost another DC-3 (ET-AAT) in a test flight at Addis Ababa; the crew of three suffered minor injuries. Rome became served for the first time on 5 June 1964 (1964-06-05) on a weekly basis; the flight was routed via either Khartoum or Athens as part of a pool agreement with Alitalia.[43]

Also in the early 1960s, the carrier provided some initial aviation support to the Ethiopia-United States Mapping Mission in its operation to acquire topographic maps of Ethiopia.[46] The firm changed from a corporation to a share company in 1965, and changed its name from Ethiopian Air Lines to Ethiopian Airlines.[20] By 1966, the contractual relationship with TWA was adjusted to reflect the transfer of management with the appointment of an Ethiopian deputy general manager.[19] Two Boeing 720s were in operation and a Boeing 707-320C was due to be phased in by March 1968 (1968-03), when the carrier ordered a second -320C.[47]

In 1970, the fifth renewal of the original 1945 contract changed TWA's role from manager to adviser.[19] On its 25th anniversary in 1971, the company was ready to continue without foreign assistance. Since then, Ethiopian Airlines has been managed and staffed by Ethiopian personnel. The first Ethiopian General Manager was Col. Semret Medhane, appointed in 1971.[20]

Two Boeing 720Bs were acquired from Continental Airlines in 1973.[48] In 1975, the carrier ordered five Dash 7s.[49] By then, Ethiopian Airlines had ended its 30-year relationship with TWA.[19] The airline became a new customer for the Boeing 727 in 1978, ordering two.[50] The 727s arrived in the late 1970s as a replacement for the oldest Boeing 720s.[20]

The 1980s and 1990s

An Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 767-200ER on short final to Dubai International Airport in 2006.

The DHC-5 Buffalo entered Ethiopian's fleet in the early 1980s.[20] In 1982, Ethiopian became the first African carrier in ordering the Boeing 767,[51] as well as the first airline to order the Boeing 767-200ER.[52] On 1984-6-1, the first of these aircraft set a new distance record for a twinjet, flying 7,500 miles (12,100 km) non-stop from Washington, D.C. to Addis Ababa, on delivery to the company.[53][54] The Boeing 767-200ERs came to replace the remaining Boeing 720s.[20] ATR-42s and Twin Otters were incorporated into the fleet in the mid-1980s,[20] with the first of six Twin Otters entering the fleet in early 1985.[55] The Boeing 737-200 joined the fleet in late 1987.[56]

In 1990, Ethiopian became the first passenger airline in taking delivery of the Boeing 757 Freighter,[57] receiving the first of five Boeing 757-200s a year later.[58] By 1996 the airline was flying to Bangkok, Beijing, Durban and Johannesburg; routes to Ivory Coast and Senegal were also being operated.[20] Furthermore, the Fokker 50 entered the fleet to operate domestic routes;[20] actually, Ethiopian became the last company in taking delivery of this aircraft in 1997, just after the collapse of Fokker due to financial problems.[59] In the late 1990s the carrier saw the incorporation of Copenhagen and Maputo to its international network, as well as New York City and Washington as transatlantic destinations; the frequent flyer programme, named "Sheba Miles" after the legendary Queen of Sheba, was launched too.[20] In 1998, the airline disrupted their flights to the Eritrean capital Asmara after a war erupted between the two countries.[60][61]

2000 – onwards

A fleet renewal started in the early 2000s, with the incorporation of the Boeing 737–700 and the Boeing 767-300ER;[62] The airline discontinued its service to Newark in favour of serving Washington in 2004.[63]

In the late 2000s the airline announced it would be the launch customer of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner,[nb 1] and placed orders to acquire brand new Airbus A350-900s, Boeing 777-200LRs and Bombardier equipment.[20]

In late September 2010 (2010-09), Ethiopian Airlines was officially invited to join Star Alliance under the mentoring of Lufthansa.[67][68][69] The carrier became a member of the alliance in December 2011 (2011-12), the third Africa-based carrier in doing so—following EgyptAir and South African Airways—and the 28th member worldwide.[70][71]

Corporate affairs

Management and ownership

As of December 2015, the CEO of Ethiopian Airlines is Tewolde Gebremariam;[72] he replaced Girma Wake in 2011.[73] The airline, which is wholly owned by the Government of Ethiopia,[22] has traditionally been unfettered by government intervention, even during times of significant turmoil and domestic hardship.[74] Whereas many African state owned airlines were and remain often poorly run, with staffings often serving nepotistic purposes, and business decisions being made on political grounds, Ethiopian Airlines remained professionally run and managed, leading the Christian Science Monitor to term it in 1988 a "capitalist success in Marxist Ethiopia".[74]

The Derg, after expanding the airline's workforce, which had resulted in a decline in service quality and revenues, allowed the airline to be run on a "strictly commercial basis". Captain Mohammed Ahmed was appointed CEO in 1980, and slashed the workforce by 10%. The airline continued the acquisition of Western, rather than Soviet aircraft, despite the links between the communist government and the Soviet Union, purchasing the Boeing 727 in 1979 and the Boeing 767 in 1984. Despite famine, unfavorable exchange rates, and general economic disarray, the airline managed to retain its reputation, particularly in the provision of maintenance and training. The Financial Times noted that it managed to remain one of the most profitable airlines in Africa throughout the decade.[75]

Despite the violent overthrow of the communist government by the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front in 1991, the airline managed to post a profit for the fiscal year. The market-oriented policies of the new government meant that the airline would remain operationally independent, and under Captain Bisrat Nigatu the airline remained fiscally sound, despite disruptions caused by the Eritrean-Ethiopian War.[75]

Head office

Ethiopian Airlines currently has its head office at Bole International Airport, Addis Ababa,[22] but intends to build a new head office facility. A contest for the design was held in 2009, but none of those plans were proceeded with. On 16 February 2011 it held a second round, and in September 2011 it was announced that BET Architect Plc won the contest. The airline stated that the estimated Br300 million complex will be constructed on a 50,000 m2 (540,000 sq ft) plot at Bole International Airport. The company that received 4th place in the competition's second round has threatened to take legal action, accusing the airline of not giving due consideration to the proposed design.[76]

Business trends

Performance figures for the government-owned Ethiopian Airlines are available in Annual Accounts and occasional press reports. Available trends are (as at year ending 30 June):

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Turnover (ETBm) 2,833 3,421 4,329 5,399 6,888 9,199 12,213 16,816 24,759 33,815 38,498 46,576
Net Profit (ETBm) 277 231 310 134 130 508 1,345 1,626 1,232 1,025 2,054 3,147
Number of employees (at year end) 4,321 4,513 4,632 4,960 4,715 4,896 5,007 5,555 6,286 6,559 7,000+ n/a
Number of passengers (m) 1.12 1.23 1.56 1.76 2.10 2.50 2.81 3.15 3.73 4.64 5.92 6.91
Passenger load factor (%) 61.6 63.1 68.4 64.1 63.8 70.3 70.5 72.0 71.5 72.2 71.6 70.8
Cargo carried (000s tonnes) 36 44 50 62 65 73 101 134 160 181 175 187
Number of aircraft (at year end) 28 29 26 29 33 35 36 41 51 48 58 n/a
Notes/sources [77] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [3][85] [86][87]
[88]		 [89][90]

Strategic ambitions and landmarks

The airline was featured by The Economist as an example of excellence in late 1987,[91] and economist Paul B. Henze recognised it in 2000 as being "one of the most reliable and profitable airlines in the Third World".[92] In July 2011 (2011-07), Ethiopian was named Africa's most profitable airline for the year 2010 by Air Transport World,[13] and it has also been praised by AFRAA for its sustained profitability over recent years.[93]

As a long term company policy, in addition to the carrier's main activities, revenues are also generated by providing aircraft maintenance to foreign airlines,[94] and specialist training for both Ethiopian and foreign trainees.[95] Every year, pilots and technicians graduate from both the Pilot School, inaugurated in 1964, and the Aviation Maintenance Technician School, established in 1967.[96][97] The American Federal Aviation Administration accredited the airline's maintenance division with license No. ETIY 102F.[98][99]

Ethiopian Airlines started “Vision 2010” in 2005, which aimed to increase passenger traffic to 3 million, revenue to US$1 billion and employees to 6,000 by 2010. By the year 2010 Ethiopian had exceeded all goals set in “Vision 2010”,[100] and the company's net profit for the fiscal year ended 2010-6-30 was US$121.4 million.[13] The results were attributed in part to an aggressive marketing campaign and major cost cutting measures.[101]

In 2010 Ethiopian adopted "Vision 2025", a 15-year development strategy, under which the airline anticipates increasing its fleet to 120, the number of destinations to 90, carrying more than 18 million passengers and 720,000 tonnes (710,000 long tons; 790,000 short tons) of cargo, with 17,000 employees.[10][102] ″Vision 2025″ also considers a fourfold expansion of the capacity building for trainees in the airline's aviation academy.[103]

Ethiopian signed in July 2013 (2013-07) a deal for the acquisition of 49% of the Malawian carrier Air Malawi. The new airline will be named Malawian Airlines.[104] The remaining shareholding will be held by the government of Malawi and private Malawian investors.[105][106] Malawian Airlines started operations in January 2014 (2014-01).[107] For the operation year 2013-14, Ethiopian Airlines was ranked the most profitable airline in Africa and 18th most profitable airline in the world with a profit of $228 million.[108]

Destinations

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Main article: Ethiopian Airlines destinations

As of September 2014, the passenger network comprises 83 international destinations and 20 domestic ones, including 49 cities in Africa (excluding Ethiopia), 13 in Europe and the Americas and 21 in the Middle East and Asia; the cargo network serves 24 destinations, including 15 in Africa, seven in the Middle East and Asia and two in Europe.[22] Ethiopian serves more destinations in Africa than any other airline.[18][109] As of April 2013, the carrier's five densest routes were Addis Ababa–Dubai, Addis Ababa–Johannesburg, Addis Ababa–Guangzhou, Addis Ababa–Nairobi and Addis Ababa–Beijing.[110]

In late April 2012 (2012-04), the airline said it planned to start serving the Latin American market but no firm dates were disclosed.[111] In August that year, Abuja, Accra, Douala, Dubai, Entebbe, Frankfurt, Johannesburg, Harare, Kilimanjaro, Lagos, Lomé, London, Luanda, Lusaka, Malabo, Maputo, Mombasa, Mumbai, Nairobi and Rome would be served on an rotational basis with the first Boeing 787 Dreamliner, and that upon delivery of the second aircraft of the type these would be assigned on fixed scheduled routes.[112][113]

In February 2013 (2013-02), unofficial reports disclosed the carrier's plans to launch new services to Ho Chi Minh City, Manila and Seoul[nb 2] starting in June the same year, as well as the company's intention to start flying the 9,899-nautical-mile (18,333 km; 11,392 mi)-long São Paulo–Lomé–Addis Ababa–Guangzhou run in July 2013 (2013-07).[115] In June 2013 (2013-06), unofficial sources reported that the launch of flights to both Ho Chi Minh City and Manila were cancelled, and that they will be replaced with a flight to Singapore starting in September 2013 (2013-09);[116] as announced, flights to Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo commenced in July the same year.[117] Flights to Singapore were launched in December 2013 (2013-12).[118][119] A new link to Shanghai was launched in March 2014 (2014-03),[120] while new services to Vienna started in June 2014 (2014-06)[121] and to Doha in December the same year.[122]

Tokyo-Narita was added on 20 April 2015.[123] Other new destinations are Los Angeles (the carrier's fifth point to be served in the Americas) and Dublin.[124] A new service to Manila was launched in July 2015 (2015-07).[125] The Addis Ababa–Lomé–Newark run is set to commence on 3 July 2016 (2016-07-03).[126]

Alliances and codeshare agreements

Alliances

In October 2007 (2007-10), Ethiopian Airlines' frequent flyer programme Shebamiles and Lufthansa's Miles & More entered into partnership, allowing members of each programme to earn and spend miles on both airlines' networks.[127] In July 2008 (2008-07),[128] the carrier entered a strategic partnership with Lomé-based start-up airline ASKY Airlines, in which Ethiopian holds a 40% stake.[129][130] Ethiopian Airlines is responsible for aircraft maintenance and operational management. The plan is to turn Lomé into Ethiopian Airline's regional hub for the West African market. ASKY started operations in January 2010 and became profitable after a few months.[131][132] Ethiopian officially joined Star Alliance in December 2011 (2011-12).[133][134][135]

Codeshare agreements

As of June 2014, the Ethiopian Airlines has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:[22]

<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>

Fleet

Recent developments

In February 2005 (2005-02), Ethiopian Airlines signed a preliminary agreement to buy up to ten Boeing 787 Dreamliner aircraft (five firm orders plus five options), becoming the first African carrier to order this kind of equipment.[18][159] On 31 May 2005 (2005-05-31), Boeing announced that Ethiopian had exercised its purchase rights and confirmed a firm order for ten aircraft.[160] The carrier also became the first African airline to order the Boeing 777-200LR,[18] and the first of these aircraft Ethiopian took possession of, in November 2010 (2010-11), was the 900th model of the type delivered by Boeing.[161][162][163] Furthermore, upon delivery Ethiopian became the first African airline to operate the type.[164]

An Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 787 Dreamliner at Frankfurt Airport. The airline took delivery of the first aircraft of the type in August 2012 (2012-08).[165] Issues related to the aircraft's lithium ion batteries forced a worldwide grounding of the type in January 2013 (2013-01);[166][167] in late April that year, Ethiopian was the first airline to resume Boeing 787 operations.[168][169]

The company ordered eight Bombardier Q400s for US$242 million in November 2008 (2008-11) and took options on four additional aircraft of the type.[170] During the 2009 Dubai Air Show,[171] Ethiopian placed an order for 12 Airbus A350-900s, initially scheduled for delivery between 2016 and 2019. To date, this order is the largest placed by the airline, and it evidenced the company's dissatisfaction with Boeing for the delays in the delivery of the Dreamliners, initially scheduled to enter the fleet in June 2010 (2010-06).[12] In January 2010 (2010-01), Ethiopian Airlines announced a firm order for ten Boeing 737–800 Next Generation aircraft in a deal worth US$767 million.[132][172][173] The first 78-seater Q400 entered the fleet in March;[174] in August, Ethiopian and the Ex-Im Bank signed an agreement worth US$1.6 billion for a loan to finance the acquisition of the ten Dreamliners —the first of them scheduled for delivery in mid-August 2012 (2012-08)[113][175]—, and the five Boeing 777s the carrier already has in the fleet.[176]

In October 2011 (2011-10), the company announced an order for four Boeing 777Fs in a deal worth US$1.1 billion; the move positioned Ethiopian Airlines as the first African carrier in ordering the type.[177][178] These four aircraft will join another two ones of the same type the airline will lease from GECAS.[179] Ethiopian received the first of these aircraft in mid September 2012 (2012-09).[180]

Five Q400 NextGens were ordered in February 2012 (2012-02) for US$160 million at list prices,[181] whereas in July 2012 (2012-07), an additional Boeing 777-200LR was ordered in a deal worth US$276 million.[182][183][184][nb 3] In August 2012 (2012-08), the first Dreamliner was delivered to the company,[186][187] which became the first airline outside Japan in operating the type on scheduled flights,[188] after All Nippon Airways and Japan Airlines.[165] Also in October 2012 (2012-10), the first Q400 NexGen was delivered,[189] and in November the same year the airline confirmed that three additional Dreamliners will be leased from ILFC, the first of them entering service in 2015.[190][191]

In April 2013 (2013-04), Air Lease Corporation and Ethiopian Airlines announced the lease of two Boeing 777-300ERs, with deliveries in May and June 2015 (2015-06).[192][193] In early July the same year, it was informed that the Ex-Im Bank approved around US$130 million for Boeing in order for this aircraft manufacturer to support the development of GE90-equipped long-haul aircraft for Ethiopian Airlines.[194] The airline took delivery of its first Boeing 777-300ER in November 2013 (2013-11).[195] That month, during the Dubai Air Show, Palma Holding signed a letter of intent with Bombardier for eight Q400s to be leased to Ethiopian; the order was firmed up in February 2014 (2014-02).[196] In September 2014 (2014-09) the carrier announced a firm order for 20 Boeing 737 MAX 8s plus commitments for 15 more aircraft of the type.[197][198] At January 2015 (2015-01), Ethiopian Airlines was the largest African carrier in terms of fleet size.[199] In 2015 the airline planned to buy 15 to 20 of Boeing's new 777X planes worth about $7.4 billion at list prices. Although the airline had initially planned buying Airbus' A350-1000 planes, it switched to the Boeing 777X as the aircraft is more suitable for operations at their high-altitude hub in Addis Ababa.[200] It became the first airline in Africa to acquire a Boeing 787 full-flight simulator.[201]

Current fleet

Ethiopian Airlines current fleet
A Boeing 737-800 on short final to Dubai International Airport in 2013
A Boeing 777-200LR on approach to Dubai International Airport in 2012
A Boeing 757–200 on short final to Frankfurt Airport in 2012
A McDonnell Douglas MD-11F at Findel Airport in 2009

As of April 2016, the Ethiopian Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft:[202]

Ethiopian Airlines Fleet
Passenger Fleet
Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes
P Y Total
Airbus A350-900 — 14[203][204] 30 318 348 Expected EIS: 2016[204]
Boeing 737–700 5 — 16 102 118
Boeing 737–800 14 — 16 138 154
Boeing 737 MAX 8 — 20 TBA
Boeing 757–200 2 — 16 154 170
16 155 171
16 159 175
Boeing 767-300ER 7[205] — 24 208 232 To be retired by 2017/8[206]
24 211 235
24 213 237
24 221 245
30 190 220
Boeing 777-200LR 6 — 34 287 321
Boeing 777-300ER 4 — 34 365 399
Boeing 787–8 13 6[207] 24 246 270
Boeing 787–9 — 2 TBA
Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 17 2[208][209] — 78 78
7 64 71
Cargo Fleet
Boeing 757-200PCF 2 — N/A
Boeing 777F 6 2
Total 76 46

Aside from the equipment shown above, the airline uses a number of DA40NGs for training purposes.[210][211] Ethiopian Airlines had the largest dedicated cargo fleet in Africa, as of December 2013.[212]

Historic fleet

An Ethiopian Airlines Fokker 50 at Bole International Airport in 2010.

Following is a list of equipment previously operated by Ethiopian.[213] Helicopters and light aircraft were available for leasing to Government agencies as well as to be used on natural resources projects.[214]:570

<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>

Services

Cloud Nine[218] and Economy Class[219] are the two classes available on most of Ethiopian Airlines' flights, with the exception of those operated with Dash 8 equipment, for some of these aircraft are configured in an all-economy layout.[220]

Food and drinks

On all flights, passengers are provided with food and complimentary beverages on board, in both classes. The food service consists of hot meals, hot or cold snacks, or light refreshments, depending on the length of the flight and the time of the day. The choice of acquiring complementary drinks at an extra cost is available too. The airline also offers assorted menus for passengers having special meal requirements.[221]

In-flight entertainment

Cloud Nine

Ethiopian Airlines' Business Class is named Cloud Nine. Passengers travelling in this class are provided with onboard amenities and a wide variety of reading material.[222] On routes operated with Boeing 777-200LR equipment passengers are provided with sleeper seats and on-demand audio and video services, with 85 channels on 15.4 inch IFE screens.[223]

Economy Class

A variety of meals —ranging from light snacks to hot dishes— and amenities are provided to passengers flying on this class, both depending upon the length of the flight.[224] Reclining seats and on-demand audio and video, with 80 channels and 8.9-inched screens, are available on Boeing 777-200LR services.[223]

Lounges

Ethiopian Airlines passengers are offered two lounges at Bole International Airport. Cloud Nine passengers can wait for the departure of flights at the Cloud Nine Lounge, where they are provided with a wide variety of amenities, as well as personal computers or wireless connection. Likewise, ShebaMiles cardholders with Gold or Silver status can make use of the Sheba Miles Lounge facilities. Customer Service agents are available at both lounges in order to assist passengers with any query regarding their flights.[225]

Accidents and incidents

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Main article: Ethiopian Airlines accidents and incidents

According to the Aviation Safety Network, Ethiopian Airlines records 60 accident/incident events since 1965, plus six more for Ethiopian Air Lines, the airline's former name. As of January 2013, the number of people that lost their lives in occurrences related to either carrier aircraft totals 337. The company suffered several hijacking episodes throughout its history, with one of them ending up in the carrier's deadliest accident, when the plane plunged into the Indian Ocean due to fuel starvation in 1996. The second most deadly accident took place in 2010, when an aircraft crashed into the Mediterranean Sea, shortly after it departed Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport, killing all 90 people on board. The crash of a Boeing 737–200 that took place in 1988 and led to 35 fatalities ranks as the third worst deadly accident experienced by the company.[226][227] Despite this, Ethiopian Airlines has a good safety record, in contrast to other African airlines.[228][229]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ However, this did not happen. All Nippon Airways was the launch customer for this aircraft.[64][65][66]
  2. ↑ There was an official confirmation for the commencement of services to this destination in May 2013 (2013-05).[114]
  3. ↑ The airline took possession of this aircraft in early July 2013 (2013-07).[185]

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 2 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 21 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 20.14 20.15 20.16 20.17 20.18 20.19 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7 Guttery (1998), p. 59.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Guttery (1998), p. 59–60.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Guttery (1998), p. 60.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.6 Guttery (1998), p. 61.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 Guttery (1998), p. 62.
  44. ↑ Guttery (1998), p. 61–62.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archive copy at the Wayback Machine
  58. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 11 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  59. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  61. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 6 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  64. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  66. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  67. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  68. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  70. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  71. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  72. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 17 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  73. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1

    Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  76. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 3 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  78. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  79. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  80. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  81. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  82. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  83. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  84. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  85. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  86. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  87. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  88. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  89. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  90. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  91. ↑ "In Search of Excellence, the Hard Way", The Economist, 31 December 1987.
  92. ↑ Paul B. Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, (New York: Palgrave, 2000), p. 246.
  93. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  94. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  95. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  96. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  97. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  98. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  99. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  100. ↑ Ethiopian | Press Releases | Press Releases Archived 3 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  101. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  102. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  103. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (subscription required)
  104. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  105. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  106. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  107. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 19 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  108. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  109. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  110. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  111. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  112. ↑ 113.0 113.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  113. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  114. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  115. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  116. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 3 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  117. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  118. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  119. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  120. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 16 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  121. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  122. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 7 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  123. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 27 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  124. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 19 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  125. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  126. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  127. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  128. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  129. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  130. ↑ 132.0 132.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  131. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  132. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  133. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  134. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  135. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  136. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 16 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  137. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 28 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  138. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 21 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  139. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 21 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  140. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  141. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  142. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  143. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  144. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  145. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  146. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  147. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  148. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  149. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  150. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  151. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 24 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  152. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  153. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  154. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 24 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  155. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 28 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  156. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 28 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  157. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  158. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  159. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  160. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  161. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  162. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  163. ↑ 165.0 165.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  164. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  165. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  166. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  167. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  168. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  169. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  170. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  171. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  172. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  173. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  174. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  175. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  176. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  177. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  178. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  179. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  180. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  181. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  182. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  183. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  184. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  185. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  186. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  187. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  188. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 27 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  189. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  190. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  191. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  192. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  193. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  194. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  195. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 23 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  196. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 21 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  197. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 13 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  198. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  199. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 13 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  200. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 14 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  201. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 11 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  202. ↑ 204.0 204.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 9 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  203. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 30 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  204. ↑
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  205. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 17 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  206. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 3 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  207. ↑ "Ethiopian Airlines to Increase Bombardier Q400 Turboprop Fleet with a Follow-on Order for Two Aircraft" bombardier.com. Retrieved: December 29, 2015.
  208. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  209. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  210. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  211. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  212. ↑ 214.0 214.1 214.2 214.3 214.4
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  213. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  214. ↑ 216.0 216.1
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  215. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  216. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  217. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  218. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  219. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  220. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  221. ↑ 223.0 223.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  222. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  223. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  224. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  225. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  226. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  227. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Bibliography

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

Retrieved from "https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Airlines&oldid=722019809"