Harvey Kurtzman's editorship of Mad
American cartoonist Harvey Kurtzman was the founding editor and primary writer for the humor periodical Mad from its founding in 1952 until its 28th issue in 1956. Featuring pop-culture parodies and social satire, what began as a color comic book became a black-and-white magazine with its 24th issue.
In 1952 EC Comics publisher William Gaines suggested Kurtzman take on a humor title to supplement his income as editor and writer on the war series Two-Fisted Tales and Frontline Combat. Kurtzman's Mad stories at first lampooned comic book genres; soon Kurtzman took to parodying specific targets from popular culture, a style which became a staple of Mad. Kurtzman targeted and exposed what he saw as fundamental untruths in the subjects parodied. Jack Davis, Wally Wood, and especially Will Elder were the most prominent of early Mad's stable of artists. Mad's signature style was to target pop-culture subjects with parody and social satire, and playfulness such as covers disguised as school notebooks or contents printed upside-down.
Kurtzman's war titles ceased following the end of the Korean War in 1953, and Mad went from bi-monthly to monthly in 1954. Kurtzman pushed to have it turned into a magazine, which Gaines agreed to in 1955. Plummeting sales of EC's horror comics following the 1954 Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency led to the cancelation of every EC title except Mad by the end of 1955. In 1956 Kurtzman demanded 51% ownership; Gaines refused, and Kurtzman left with the bulk of Mad's creative staff to found the short-lived Trump, published by Hugh Hefner. EC writer and editor Al Feldstein took over as editor at Mad, under whom sales climbed and the magazine became a newsstand fixture. Kurtzman went from one financially unstable publication to another before landing a regular position at Hefner's Playboy magazine with the comic strip Little Annie Fanny.
Contents
History
Kurtzman at EC (1949–52)
In 1949 Harvey Kurtzman (1924–1993) brought sample artwork to the offices of EC Comics in New York City. "EC" had originally stood for "Educational Comics" when it was run by early comic-book business pioneer Max Gaines, but his son Bill renamed it "Entertaining Comics" and changed the company's focus when he inherited the business. Gaines liked the samples of Kurtzman's Hey Look! strip, but had no immediate use for his skills. Gaines directed Kurtzman to his brother David, who gave Kurtzman low-paying work on Lucky Fights it Through, a two-fisted cowboy story with an educational health message about syphilis.[1] Kurtzman continued to receive work from EC.[2]
In late 1950 Kurtzman began writing and editing the adventure comic book Two-Fisted Tales for EC; the war title Frontline Combat followed in mid-1951. The stories had a degree of realism not yet seen in American comics.[3] Kurtzman rejected the idealization of war that had swept the US since World War II.[4] He spent days or weeks researching story details,[5] in the New York Public Library[4] or interviewing and corresponding with GIs.[6]
Kurtzman was given a great deal of artistic freedom by Gaines, but was himself a strict taskmaster. He insisted that the artists who drew his stories not deviate from his layouts. The artists generally respected Kurtzman's wishes out of respect for his creative authority, but some, such as Bernie Krigstein[4] and Dan Barry,[7] felt their own artistic autonomy impinged upon.[4]
Those who worked for EC received payment based on output. Kurtzman's laborious working methods meant he was much less prolific than fellow EC writer-editor Al Feldstein, and Kurtzman felt financially under-appreciated for the amount of effort he poured into his work.[8] He was burdened with a mortgage and a family.[9] He also detested the horror content of the books Feldstein produced and which outsold his own work. He believed these stories had the same sort of influence on children that the chauvinism of other war comics had and which he believed he worked hard against in his own work.[10]
Mad comic book (1952–55)
- "Humor in a Jugular Vein"
- —Mad's subtitle during its run as a comic book[11]
Remembering Kurtzman's Hey Look! humor strips,[8] Gaines proposed a humor comic book to increase Kurtzman's income,[12] as he believed such a title would take far less time and effort to research.[9] It was named Mad, a title Kurtzman remembered as his own idea, while Gaines recalled EC's Mad Mag as a suggestion of his own or Feldstein's.[13] The first issue appeared in August 1952,[14] cover-dated October–November.[12] The stories in Mad targeted what Kurtzman saw as fundamental untruths in the subjects parodied, inspired by the irreverent humor found in contemporary college humor magazines;[14] other precedents were in satirical cartoon magazines such as Judge[15] and Ballyhoo, the latter of which was so popular for its spoofing of advertisements that advertisers paid for them.[16] Kurtzman developed stories in the same incremental way he had for the war stories, and his layouts were followed faithfully by the artists who drew them—most frequently, Will Elder, Jack Davis, and Wally Wood.[14]
The first issue contained four stories, each a parody of a different comic-book genre: horror, science fiction, crime, and Westerns. These general parodies soon gave way to parodies of targeted subjects—Tarzan was the first such parody with "Melvin!" in the second issue.[12]
The first three issues struggled—they did not sell enough of their 350,000-copy print runs to break even, and lost thousands of dollars for EC.[17] In the fourth issue appeared the Wally Wood-drawn "Superduperman", a parody of Superman and Captain Marvel, including the copyright infringement lawsuit that National Periodicals had recently brought against Fawcett Comics. The fourth issue quickly sold out—Mad had found its audience.[18]
The sixth issue featured a parody of Ernest Thayer's 1888 poem "Casey at the Bat". The text of the poem was unaltered; the humor lay in Davis's over-literal illustrations. Other parodies in this style followed, targeting such poems as "The Face upon the Barroom Floor" (#10), "Paul Revere's Ride" (#20), "The Raven" (#9), and "The Wreck of the Hesperus" (#16).[19]
A parody of the comic strip Bringing Up Father in the seventeenth issue draws attention to societal tolerance of domestic violence. The pages alternate between the strip's cartoon style and realistically drawn ones—The Jiggs character, after his wife assaults him with crockery in a humorous cartoon sequence, emerges abraised in the next realistic panel.[20]
This style of parodying specific targets became a staple of Mad.[21] Beginning April 1954, the bimonthly Mad went monthly after the cancellation of Frontline Combat, whose sales had flagged with the end of the Korean War.[22] Soon large numbers of Mad imitators sprung up from other publishers.[23]
EC produced a Mad imitator itself with the Feldstein-edited Panic.[23] Feldstein took the imitation so far as to mimic Kurtzman's "Kurtz"-plus-stick man signature with a "Feld"-plus-beer stein signature.[24] Feldstein used the same pool of EC artists as well, and Kurtzman came to resent Panic and to see Feldstein's work there as a conflict of interest.[24] Panic's first-issue parody of Clement Clarke Moore's popular poem "'Twas the Night Before Christmas" attracted calls for censorship as a "pagan" reworking "desecrating Christmas". A Mickey Spillane parody "My gun is the Jury" led to the arrest of EC business manager Lyle Stewart for selling its issue to undercover police. The American Civil Liberties Union watched closely from the sidelines as an EC lawyer succeeded in having the case dismissed.[25]
Kurtzman poured himself into Mad, putting as much effort into it as he had into his war books, defeating the purpose of having an easy-to-crank-out third comic book. When Frontline Combat was canceled in 1954, Kurtzman devoted himself entirely to Mad.[26]
Mad magazine (1955–56)
Since the 1940s, crime and horror comics had been drawing fire from those worried about a rise in juvenile delinquency.[27][page needed] The Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency brought pressure on such comic books in 1954, and EC, one of the major purveyors of such fare, found their distributor refusing their wares.[26] Mad was still an exception[28] and was even featured in the August issue of Pageant in the article "Now Comics Have Gone Mad". Kurtzman had long had a dream to be in the slick magazine publishing world and had been trying to convince Gaines to publish Mad in a magazine format. Pageant's publisher Alex Hillman offered Kurtzman a job, and with the prospect of losing Kurtzman, Gaines gave in to Kurtzman's demands.[29]
Kurtzman gathered a collection of newsstand magazines to work out the standards under which Mad was to operate. EC's comics had been printed on cheap paper on presses also used for newspapers; for Mad Kurtzman found a higher-quality printer in Brooklyn through printing broker George Dougherty. He also chose to forego color and to have typeset lettering instead of the hand-lettering typical of comic books to give the magazine a sheer of class.[30] The magazine-format twenty-fourth issue of Mad débuted in July 1955[29] with a 25-cent cover price, and the EC crew went to watch it coming off the presses.[30] It was so much more successful than anticipated that, unusual in magazine publishing, it was given a second printing.[31]
The new format was ambitious,[32] and the printing quality allowed for the reproduction of much more finely detailed artwork.[16] It included meticulously rendered advertisement parodies and text pieces by humorists such as Ernie Kovacs, Stan Freberg, and Steve Allen.
Unlike most comic-book publishers, EC archived artwork after initial publication. This allowed the material to be recycled, and Mad's stories soon re-appeared in paperback pocket books beginning with the Kurtzman-edited Mad Reader (1954) whose introduction was by comedian Roger Price.[33] Published by Ballantine, the book became a perennially good seller along with four others Kurzman was involved with: Mad Strikes Back! (1955), Inside Mad (1955), Utterly Mad (1956), and The Brothers Mad (1958).[34] The books were reprinted frequently and sold millions of copies—The Mad Reader alone was reprinted five times in 1955, each with six-figure pressings.[35]
The cover of The Mad Reader featured an unnamed gap-toothed character whose face soon reappeared in a fake mail-order catalogue advertisement that was the cover to Mad #21.[36] He reappaered on the back of April 1956 issue #27[37] with the slogan: "What—me worry?"[32] The image was an enlargement of a postcard Kurtzman had found,[37] and his name changed from issue to issue—Melvin Coznowski in one, Mel Haney in another—even the "What—Me Worry?" kid.[36] It was Feldstein who named him Alfred E. Neuman[38] in issue #29—a joke name that EC writers had occasionally used[36]—and the cult character went on to appear on nearly every cover of Mad.[39]
Financial restrictions meant color was eliminated[40] in favor of larger pages and nearly double the page count that the comic book had. The page count allowed for a greater variety of features, such as one-pagers, parodies of advertisements, and text pieces.[41] Kurtzman's own art contributions diminished under the increased editorial workload; he did create the border artwork that adorned several years' worth of the magazine's covers, as well as the logo that still is used.[40]
The magazine-format Mad expanded its range of parody subjects to magazine-style articles, such as a do-it-yourself article in the style of Popular Mechanics, a send-up of the "Photo Quiz" feature of Look, and a report from the magazine's "Russian correspondant" entirely in Russian. There were more all-text articles, and artwork often featured Craftint halftones to simulate the feel of photographs.[26]
EC's fortunes were falling. In April 1955[11] EC dropped its horror titles and launched the New Direction line.[27] whose titles were free of horror and crime.[42] Following a press conference in September 1954 at which Gaines pledged to deliver "comics which will offend no one".[27] The EC brand was remained tainted in the eyes of retailers, and many refused to stock the new titles.[27] From another angle Gaines and Feldstein launched the Adult Picto-Fiction line of comics magazines in a Mad-like black-and-white, typeset format; each title was canceled after only two issues.[43]
Mad was a success, but Kurtzman missed deadlines so frequently that it was only appearing quarterly, and he was pushing for more money for the artists. The distributor Leader News went bankrupt with $110,000 unpaid to EC, so Gaines was unable to pay off the $100,000 in debt EC had accumulated.[44] Gaines planned to shut down EC, including the still-profitable Mad, but Kurtzman convinced him to keep going with Mad.[27] The pair convinced Gaines' mother, who was EC's co-owner,[27] for an investment of $50,000 to settle debts, and with another $60,000 from Gaines[45] EC continued with Mad as sole title.[27]
Wholesalers left with unreturnable stock due to Leader's demise were reluctant to take another chance on Mad, Gaines worked out a deal with American News Company, a company with its own wholesalers unaffected by the Leader situation. The new deal gave Mad wider distribution[45] and by 1956 circulation had reached half a million.[15]
Kurtzman's departure
While Kurtzman was pleased finally to be editor of a magazine, he was frustrated at the financial restrictions. He felt the $25-page rate for contributors[29] was too low, and wanted to include color features.[46] He also felt responsible to a degree for EC's survival, and felt insufficiently rewarded for it.[47]
One-time cartoonist Hugh Hefner was a media mogul by the mid-1950s with his Playboy magazine. He admired Kurtzman's Mad, and met Kurtzman in New York to express his appreciation. He let Kurtzman know that if he ever left Mad, there would be a place for him in the Hefner empire. With this promise to back him, Kurtzman demanded legal control of Mad from Gaines in the form of stocks. Reluctant to lose the editor of his sole remaining publication, Gaines counter-offered with a 10% share. As this would not give Kurtzman the control he wanted, Kurtzman countered by asking for 51%.[47] Lyle Stuart advised Gaines to replace Kurtzman with Feldstein, Gaines' wife agreed.[48] Gaines gave Kurtzman the news, and the two went their separate ways.[47]
Mad after Kurtzman
Kurtzman left after issue #28, but much of the content that appeared in the twenty-ninth and thirtieth issues was done under his supervision.[49] Feldstein was still fresh on the job when Time reported Hefner was to publish a "still unnamed magazine" and had "hired the whole staff of Mad, a short-lived satirical pulp"—Kurtzman signed away much of the creative staff and left Feldstein to build a new stable of contributors.[50] Compared to Kurtzman's more biting, politically tinged post-Mad work, Feldstein's Mad was financially cautious and aimed at a somewhat younger audience.[40] The strategy that paid off: the magazine was a publishing and merchandising fixture by the 1960s[51] and circulation peaked at 2.4 million in the 1970s.[15]
Devotees of Kurtzman's version found the magazine to have deteriorated after his departure.[11] To others it lost its edge—it avoided satirizing targets such as segregation out of fears of hurting circulation. This reluctance was the target of a parody of the magazine in Esquire, prefaced with: "Just imagine what it would be like if you picked up your monthly copy of Bad and found us dealing with subjects of genuine significance in America!"[51] The restriction on mature themes drove Paul Krassner to leave Mad to found The Realist in 1958 as an adult-oriented alternative to Mad.[52]
Mad continued to be successful for the rest of Gaines' life.[53] He sold it for $5 million in 1961,[51] and ownership passed to National Periodicals in 1962.[15]
Kurtzman after Mad
Gaines retained all of the work that Kurtzman had done with EC as it was work made for hire.[54] Kurtzman had received bonuses from Gaines for sales of the Mad paperback collections, but this was not stipulated in Kurtzman's contract and Gaines stopped the payments when Kurtzman left.[55]
Kurtzman tried to recreate Mad's success in one publication after the other.[46] The lavish, full-color Trump more risqué version of Mad. Hefner canceled it after two issues when Playboy Enterprises ran into financial troubles and had to scale back operations. The magazine had been a success in the market, but had already accrued $100,000 in expenses. Hefner said, "I gave Harvey Kurtzman an unlimited budget, and he exceeded it."[56]
Humbug, self-financed by its main contributors, lasted eleven issues before distribution and format issues led to its demise[57] Longer-lasting was Help!, co-published with James Warren. Help! had a low budget and made frequent use of fumetti photographic comics,[58] and printed a number of Goodman Beaver strips by Kurtzman and Elder, some of whose parody subjects—Tarzan, Superman,[59] and Archie[60]—Kurtzman had parodied in Mad.[citation needed] Help! also printed early work by future underground cartoonists such as Robert Crumb and Gilbert Shelton.[59]
Kurtzman approached Hefner to run a Goodman Beaver comic strip in Playboy. In 1962 Hugh Hefner agreed, but Goodman Beaver had to be transformed into the voluptuous female Little Annie Fanny. With Will Elder as primary collaborator[61] the painted, full-color[62] strip ran from 1962 to 1988.[63]
Kurtzman reconciled with Gaines by the mid-1980s and contributed some pieces to Mad with art by Elder.[64]
Content and style
With the second issue's take on Tarzan Kurtzman developed the targeted parody style that became a signature of Mad. As Kurtzman described it, "Satire and parody work best when what you're talking about is accurately targeted ... when you reveal a fundamental flaw or untruth in your subject."[12]
The parodies struck at the basic premises of their targets: the hero in "Superduperman" proves his mettle by defeating his foe and assumes he can win the heart of the woman he desires with displays of his machismo. She rejects him as she rejected his mild-mannered reporter alter ego, declaring, "Once a creep, always a creep".[12]
Kurtzman tended to shy away from politics, though he made an exception with "What's My Shine?" in the seventeenth issue in November 1954. Via the format of the game show What's My Line?, Kurtzman sitirized the televised Army–McCarthy hearings of 1954 that resulted in the US Senate reprimanding Senator Joseph McCarthy for his aggressively hunting out of Communist subversives. Kurtzman stated he made this exception as he felt McCarthy "was so evil. It was like doing a satire on Hitler."[65]
Kurtzman gave several of the stories with a whimsical, deconstructionist approach: one issue was printed upside-down; another presented the same story twice, the dialogue replaced with gibberish in the second round; and one issue was devoted to a faux biography of Will Elder as fine artist.[41] This playfulness extended to the covers. They imitated Life magazine,[66] a tabloid newspaper,[67] a racetrack results sheet,[68] and a school composition book, with the notice: "Designed to sneak into class".[69] On the 21st cover was a parody the mail-order Johnson Smith Company's ads that were common in comic books—the Mad version offered a wide range of ridiculous merchandise, including torpedoes and live alligators.[69] Kurtzman was responsible for the finished artwork on about half the covers.[14]
Kurtzman considered his visuals his strong point, and his writing clumsy. He wrote in a colloquial style replete with wordplay, including a plethora of Yiddish, foreign, or made-up words used in a nonsensical manner: "furshlugginer", "potrzebie", and "veeblefetzer" among them.[70] Names were used for their humorous effect, such as the running gag name "Melvin" used in stories such as "Melvin of the Apes" and "Little Orphan Melvin", and as the name of the mysterious figure on the cover of the first issue.[71]
During Mad's run as a comic book, Kurtzman wrote and laid out each story. He built up his layouts laboriously on multiple sheets of tracing paper before passing them on to be finished by the artists. Most EC artists contributed to Mad at some time, but none more frequently than Jack Davis, Wally Wood, and especially Will Elder. While following Kurtzman's layouts strictly, Elder greatly expanded the art, inserting countless visual gags into the backgrounds.[72]
National, the owners of Superman's copyright, threatened to sue over the "Superduperman" parody. EC and National had the same lawyer, who advised Gaines to quit publishing parodies. While Gaines was weighing this advice, Kurtzman located a legal precedent that backed his and Mad's right to publish parodies. Gaines hired the author of the precedent to write a brief substantiating EC's position, but the companies' shared lawyer disagreed, siding with National over EC. Gaines consulted a third lawyer, who advised Gaines to simply ignore the threat and continue publishing parodies. National never filed suit.[73]
Legacy
Mad's success immediately led to a slew of imitators form other publishers: Bughouse, Flip, Madhouse, Riot, Whack, Wild, and others.[74] From December 1953 EC itself put out an imitator with the Feldstein-edited Panic.[75]
The irreverent style Kurtzman had pioneered in Mad had a strong influence on the underground comix of the 1960s and 1970s.[46]
List of issues
| Issue | Cover date | Contents |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | October–November 1952 |
|
| 2 | December 1952 – January 1953 |
|
| 3 | January–February 1953 |
|
| 4 | April–May 1953 |
|
| 5 | June–July 1953 |
|
| 6 | August–September 1953 |
|
| 7 | October–November 1953 |
|
| 8 | December 1953 – January 1954 |
|
| 9 | March 1954 |
|
| 10 | April 1954 |
|
| 11 | May 1954 |
|
| 12 | June 1954 |
|
| 13 | July 1954 |
|
| 14 | August 1954 |
|
| 15 | September 1954 |
|
| 16 | October 1954 |
|
| 17 | November 1954 |
|
| 18 | December 1954 |
|
| 19 | January 1955 |
|
| 20 | February 1955 |
|
| 21 | March 1955 |
|
| 22 | April 1955 |
|
| 23 | May 1955 |
|
| 24 | July 1955 |
|
| 25 | September 1955 |
|
| 26 | November 1955 |
|
| 27 | April 1956 |
|
| 28 | July 1956 |
|
References
- ↑ Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 47.
- ↑ Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 50.
- ↑ Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 59.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 60.
- ↑ Harvey 1996, p. 129.
- ↑ Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 66.
- ↑ Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 63.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 67.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 82–83.
- ↑ Wright 2003, p. 152.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Reidelbach 1991, p. 33.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Harvey 1996, p. 136.
- ↑ Reidelbach 1991, p. 20.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 83.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Murray 2005, p. 188.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Reidelbach 1991, p. 52.
- ↑ Hajdu 2008, p. 215.
- ↑ Wright 2003, p. 147.
- ↑ Reidelbach 1991, p. 59.
- ↑ Harvey 2000, pp. 136, 138.
- ↑ Kercher 2006, pp. 106–107.
- ↑ Harvey 2000, p. 101.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Harvey 2000, p. 100.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Hajdu 2008, p. 218.
- ↑ Reidelbach 1991, p. 24, 26.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Harvey 1996, p. 138.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 78.
- ↑ Reidelbach 1991, p. 31.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 77.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Reidelbach 1991, p. 32.
- ↑ Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 77; Reidelbach 1991, pp. 32–33.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Kercher 2006, p. 114.
- ↑ Reidelbach 1991, p. 171.
- ↑ Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 108; Kitchen 2014, p. 15.
- ↑ Kitchen 2014, p. 15.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Reidelbach 1991, p. 140.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Reidelbach 1991, p. 139.
- ↑ Kaplan 2008, p. 78.
- ↑ Reidelbach 1991, p. 138.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 108.
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 106.
- ↑ Reidelbach 1991, pp. 33–34.
- ↑ Reidelbach 1991, p. 34.
- ↑ Reidelbach 1991, pp. 35–36.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Reidelbach 1991, p. 38.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Harvey 1996, p. 140.
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 121.
- ↑ Reidelbach 1991, p. 39.
- ↑ Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 111.
- ↑ Reidelbach 1991, p. 40.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Kercher 2006, p. 117.
- ↑ Christensen 2010, pp. 137–138.
- ↑ Harvey 1996, pp. 138, 140.
- ↑ Reidelbach 1991, pp. 171–172.
- ↑ Reidelbach 1991, p. 172.
- ↑ Kitchen & Buhle 2009, pp. 122–123.
- ↑ Benson & Groth 2009, pp. viii, xi–xii.
- ↑ Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 188.
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 Comics Journal staff 1993, p. 14.
- ↑ Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 204.
- ↑ Kitchen & Buhle 2009, pp. 210–211.
- ↑ Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 212.
- ↑ Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 219.
- ↑ Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 223.
- ↑ Reidelbach 1991, p. 120.
- ↑ Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 89.
- ↑ Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 90.
- ↑ Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 94.
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 Kitchen & Buhle 2009, p. 95.
- ↑ Reidelbach 1991, pp. 57–58.
- ↑ Reidelbach 1991, p. 58.
- ↑ Kitchen & Buhle 2009, pp. 83–84.
- ↑ Reidelbach 1991, p. 23.
- ↑ Kercher 2006, p. 107.
- ↑ Reidelbach 1991, p. 24.
Works cited
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