Hebraization of surnames

A letter written by Yechezkel Danin (Sochovolsky) to the Ottoman Authorities in the Land of Israel concerning the Hebraization of his surname, from "Sochovolsky" to "Danin"

The Hebraization of surnames (also spelled Hebraicization) (Hebrew: עברות‎, Ivrut, "Hebraization") is the process of adopting Hebrew family names (also called surnames or last names).

Many immigrants to modern Israel changed their names to Hebrew names, to erase remnants of galuti (exiled, diaspora-like) life still surviving in family names from other languages. This phenomenon was especially common among Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants to Israel, because many such families only acquired permanent surnames (rather than patronyms) when surnames were made compulsory by the November 12, 1787 decree by the Habsburg emperor Joseph II. (In some other countries, many non-Jews likewise went by patronymics until surnames became mandatory, e.g., Holland in 1811.) By way of contrast, Sephardic Jews from the Iberian peninsula often had hereditary family names since well before the Spanish Expulsion (e.g., Cordovero, Abrabanel, Shaltiel, de Leon, Alcalai, Toledano,...) Very few Hebrew surnames exist, such as Cohen (priest), Moss (Moses) and Levi (Levite). Names ending with -berg, -stein or -man are often thought of as Jewish, but are of German origin, while suffixes such as -sky and -vitz are Slavic. Similarly, a few Hebrew surnames, such as Katz, Bogoraz, Uhl and Pak are in fact Hebrew acronyms, even though they sound and are often perceived as being of foreign origin (in these cases, from German, Russian, Polish and Korean, respectively).

The Hebraization of surnames is a unique phenomenon to the Hebrew language. This process began as early as the days of the First and Second Aliyot and continued after the establishment of the State of Israel. The widespread trend towards hebraization of surnames in the days of the Yishuv and immediately after the establishment of the State of Israel was based on the claim that a Hebrew name provided a feeling of belonging to the new state. There was also the wish to distance from the lost and dead past, and from the forced imposition of foreign (e.g. German) names in the previous centuries.

This process has not ended: among the thousands of Israelis who currently apply for legal name changes each year, many do it to adopt Hebrew names.

History

In the Yishuv

Among the Yishuv (the first to return to Eretz Yisrael — the Land of Israel), there was a strong feeling of sh'lilat ha'gola (Hebrew: שלילת הגולה "negation of the diaspora/Exile"), which often included the exchange of Diaspora surnames (which some regarded as "slave names") for purely Hebrew ones. Part of the Zionist movement, was not only Aliyah (immigration to Israel) it was also wanting to create an image of an Eretz-Yisraeli Jew that would be different than the Yiddish speaking, shtetl living, and perceived weak Diaspora Jew, and these things were a significant part of the people of the First and Second Aliyot. Some of the immigrants of the First Aliyah (1882-1903) Hebraized their surnames, and the practice became widespread during the Second Aliyah (1904-1914). By Hebraizing the name, the foreign last name could be cast aside.

Jewish Agency booklet

This process started with individuals like Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (Perelman) and was adopted by the New Yishuv. Before the foundation of the State of Israel, in 1944, the Zionist leadership and the Jewish National Council proclaimed it the "Year of naturalization and the Hebrew name". Because of that, a special committee under the chairmanship of Mordechai Nemzabi, the Jewish Agency adviser on matters of civilian defense, published a booklet which contained guidelines on the creation on new Hebrew surnames.

Changing a foreign surname to Hebrew

1. Change of vocalization: Leib becomes Lev
2. Change of consonants: Borg becomes Barak
3. Shortening by omitting the ending: Rosenberg becomes Rosen
4. Shortening a name with a Hebrew meaning, by omitting the foreign suffix: Yakobovitch (Jacobowitz, Jacobowicz) becomes Ya'akovi
5. Translating the foreign name into Hebrew according to the meaning: Abramovich (Abramowicz, Abramowitz) becomes Ben Avraham

First names as surnames

1. Name of a father or mother who were murdered during the Shoah, thus: Bat Miriam, Ben Moshe, Devorin
2. Son or daughter who fell in battle: Avinoam
3. Brother or sister who were killed or fell: Achimeir
4. Beloved or admired biblical figure: Shaul, Davidi

Change of names by names of places, plants or sites in Eretz Yisrael

1. Places or sites: Hermoni, Eilat, Gilad
2. Plants, especially plants of the Land of Israel: Eshel ("orchard", "garden"), Rotem ("desert broom")

After the Establishment of the State

After the Establishment of the State of Israel, there was still the attitude that the hebraization of family names should continue, in order to get rid of names with a Diaspora sound. Hebraization of names became a typical part of the integration process for new immigrants, both among Ashkenazi Jews, but also among Sephardi and Mizrahi Jewish immigrants from Arab and Muslim lands; Sephardi and Mizrahi children were typically given new Hebrew names in school, often without permission from their parents.

David Ben-Gurion, the first Prime Minister of Israel was committed to the use of the Hebrew language (he changed his surname from Grün to Ben-Gurion). He tried to convince as many people to change their surnames into 'real' Hebrew ones. On the signing of Declaration of Independence, Ben-Gurion got Herzl Rosenblum to sign it Herzl Vardi, his pen name (and later he changed it to his legal name), as Ben-Gurion wanted more Hebrew names on the document. Nine more of the signatories of the document would then go on to Hebraize their name, as well.

Ben-Gurion, in an order to the IDF soldiers he wrote, "It is desirable that every commanding officer (from Squadron Commander to Chief of Staff) should change his surname, whether German, English, Slavic, French or foreign in general, to a Hebrew surname, in order to be a role model for his soldiers. The Israel Defense Forces must be Hebrew in spirit, vision, and in all internal and external expressions."

A binding order of the same issue was issued to the officials of the state in 1950, and particularly to those who represented the State abroad. A "Committee for Hebrew Names" was established to supervise the implementation of the order, whose task was to assist and advise the choice of a Hebrew name.

In addition to pressure from the state, tensions between Jewish ethnic groups caused some people to Hebraize their names to dissidentify with a "stigmatized" ethnic group or to merge into a "collective Israeli identity" and therefore created a desire to Hebraize.

Supporters and Opponents

The Hebraization of surnames provoked sharp controversy in the days of the Yishuv and also after the establishment of the State of Israel.

Supporters

Among the most significant supporters was Yitzhak Ben Zvi (Shimshelevich), leader of the Labor movement, historian and second President of the State of Israel. He was born in Ukraine on 24 November 1884. He studied law in Istanbul together with David Ben Gurion. In 1906 he attended the founding conference of the Poalei Zion and in 1907 he settled in the Land of Israel. He belonged to the founders of the Ahdut ha-Avodah Party, was active in the Haganah, a member of the Jewish National Council, and signed the Declaration of Independence. Ben Zvi died in 1963. Ben Zvi wrote:

Our surnames are mostly of foreign origin, which cling to exile [...] even names based on Hebrew first names were damaged and distorted from the original [...] by German and English suffixes, like "son" or "sohn" and the Slavic "in", "ovich", "ovsky" and "shvili". These surnames fill the air and the pages of our newspaper, the posters and announcements in our streets and public squares [...] it is indeed not really clear if the hardship of this inheritance which remained with us as a result of the Middle Ages and subsequent ghettoization should be tolerated...

— Yitzhak Ben Zvi in Collected Writings, vol. 4, pp. 11–14

All rabbinic authorities encourage hebraizing first names (VaYikra Rabba 32, and Kor'ei Sh'mo, pp. 173–181), and some actively encourage last names, as well (Rabbi Shlomo Aviner (Resp. She'elat Shlomo VIII, 67-68), and even did so themselves: among them: Rabbis Menashe HaKatan (Klein), Maharam Schick, Shlomo Goren (Goronchick), Shaul Yisraeli (Israelite), Moshe Zvi Neria (Menkin), Shlomo Aviner (Langenauer).

Opponents

Besides supporters there were also opponents of the process of changing one's family name into a Hebrew one who saw it as an act of "erasing part of Jewish history."

One of the opponents of the Hebraization of surnames was Moses Calvary, a writer and teacher. Born in Germany 1883, he received a traditional, general, and rabbinical education. He was a member of Ahdut Ha'avodah, an educator in the Meir Shafia youth village, principal of the Hebrew Gymnasium (High School) in Jerusalem, and educator in the "Ahava" youth village in Kiryat Bialik. He wrote articles in Hebrew and German. Moses Calvary died in 1944.

Yitzhak Ben Zvi demands we disqualify all the foreign names which are close to us. His assumption was that our immigration to Eretz Yisrael is a revolutionary act, a return to one's origins. Let the memory of the Diaspora therefore be erased so that the crown be returned to ancient times, by wrapping our names in the envelope of our language. I have my doubts if this zealousness is appropriate. Our names are part – a significant part – of our history. Bearers of historical names are still alive and among us; the names of figures who mark our history – names like Sasportas or Benbenisti, Abrabanel or Don Yehia, Rappaport or Eibeschitz – there is no reason to delete the chronicle of our national life. Let us preserve the faith of our fathers also in our revival. Do not betray our memories by radical action; and the text does not only relate to the famous: the variety in our names is a sign of our colorful history, a two-thousand year-old history, whose traces cannot be wiped out light-handedly.

— Moses Calvary in Between Sowing and Harvest, p. 339

Some people were emotically attached to their Diaspora last name, for reasons such as it having noble origins (Hebrew: יִחוּס Yichus), or for a desire to continue to identify with their ethnic group. There is story of an Israeli diplomat who told David Ben-Gurion, "I will change my name if you can find me one non-Jew named Lifshitz." Others had names that were entirely Hebrew to begin with.

The disagreement about the Hebraization of surnames continued. Many people preserved their foreign surname, such as First President of Israel Chaim Weizmann, President of the Supreme Court of Israel Shimon Agranat, and others.

Later

This trend moderated with time. By the time of the wave of immigration from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s, the practice was waning. The Soviet immigration wave clearly had the effect of weakening the practice of Hebraizing names – as part of the marked general tendency of these immigrants to cling to their specific Russian linguistic and cultural identity. A conspicuous example is the former (2009–2013) Israeli Minister of Tourism, Stas Misezhnikov. Though an outspoken Israeli nationalist on other issues, Misezhnikov did not feel impelled to change his clearly Slavic surname (nor his equally Slavic first name), and there was no public pressure on him to do so – as there would have been on an Israeli minister during the country's first decades.

However, even today, people continue to Hebraize their surname, especially those serving in the IDF and Israel's diplomatic missions, representing the State of Israel. The number of those who do is small but significant; about 15% of American and British immigrants to Israel who come on Nefesh B'Nefesh flights Hebraize their names on arrival.

There is also a trend of reverting to ancestral, non-Hebrew names to return to one's roots and preserve traditions unique to each ethnic group. As part of the desire of those who want to return to their roots, there are people who re-adopt the name their family previously abandoned for the sake of "Israeliness", such as Israeli writer Yitzhak Orpaz who restored his family's original family name of "Averbuch".

Process

There were several ways people Hebraized their names.

Translations

Some names were directly translated from the corresponding Diaspora name.

Direct translations:

Old	New
Goldberg	Har-Paz
Schlossberg	Har-Segor
Steinberg	Har-Even
Rosenstein	Even-Shoshan
Herbst	Stavi
Silver or Silverman	Caspi
Mostovski	Gashri

Jewish patronyms:
Others were direct translations of patronymic names.

Old	New
Meyerson	Ben-Meir (means: son of Meir)
Mendelssohn or Mendelson	Ben-Menachem (means: son of Menachem) (Yiddish diminutive: Mendel)
Davidson	Ben-David

Toponyms:
Other names were translated from toponyms.

Old	New	Meaning
Wilner	Vilna'i	both mean "from Wilna"
Deutsch(er) (means: German in German)	Ashkenazi (means: German in Medieval Hebrew)

Negation

Other names were the negation of so-called "Ekelnamen" (literally "Disgusting names" in German, deliberately insulting or demeaning last names forced upon ancestors by non-Jewish officials).

Old	New
Luegner (means: liar)	Amiti (means: truthful)
Ausubel (means: from bad)	Ben-Tov (means: son of good)

Phonetic similarity

Other names were Hebraized on their similar sounding to a Biblical place name, Jewish historical figure, or Hebrew word with a positive meaning, though sometimes their phonetic similarity was far-fetched.

Old	New
Meyerson	Meir (means: brilliant; or named for Rabbi Meir)
Gruen	Ben-Gurion (historical figure)
Epstein	Eilat (place name)
Neumann	Ne'eman (means: faithful)
Kalb	Gilboa (place name)
Berkovitz	Barak (means: lightning)
Brotzlewsky	Bar Lev (means: son of Lev)
Boris	Baruch

Choice between translation and phonetic similarity

Sometimes, there were prevalent options between either translating it, or choosing a name based on similar sound (homophone).

Old	Direct translation choice	Phonetic similarity choice
Rosen	Shoshani, Vardi (means: rose)	Rozen (means: count/earl)
Shkolnik	Lamdan (means: yeshiva student)	Eshkol (means: cluster of grapes)
Feld	Sadeh (means: field)	Peled (means: steel)

In some cases, a false cognate could satisfy both options at once.

Old	New
Loewe	Lavi (means: lion)
Lempel (means: little lamp)	Lapid (means: torch)

New

Others chose completely newly chosen names, many times symbolic in nature.

Name	Meaning
Ben-Artzi	means "son of my land"
Nir	means "ploughed field" as dug by a farmer

Kept their name

Others kept their name for several reasons. Sometimes, the reason it was kept was because of its religious nature. For examples, names connected with the Kohen (priesthood) such as (ex. Cohen, Kohn, Kaplan, Sacerdoti, Katz, Azoulai, etc...). Other times it indicated Levite decent such as Levi, Levy, Weil (anagram), and Segal (Hebrew acronym). Other times it was synagogue or Jewish community functions such as Gabbai, Chazan, or Rabin. Sometimes (more common amongst Sephardim) the surname was already Hebrew (Sarfati).

Others kept their name for its yichus,(meaning that the person descends from something akin to "good stock") which gave the bearer more reason not to Hebraize it. For example, Horowitz (famous rabbinical dynasty), Rothschild (famous Jewish banking dynasty), Einstein (famous bearer), or Shaltiel (ancient Sephardic family tracing its origins to King David – and it's already Hebrew).

Others kept their name but the name underwent some mutation because they contained sounds that do not exist in Hebrew. Examples include Lando (from "Landau"), and Glober (from "Glauber").

Other "Diaspora" Jewish names are Hebrew to begin with such as Ashkenazi, Yerushalmi, corruptions of Hebrew words, such as Heifetz (from Chafetz), Hebrew acronyms, such as Shalit (from "Sheyihye le'orekh yamim tovim"), or of Aramaic origin, such as Kahane, or Raban.

See also

• Jewish surname
• Jewish name
• Hebrew name
• Category:Israeli surnames