Help:IPA for Arabic

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The chart below explains how Wikipedia represents Arabic pronunciations with the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

To be exact, pronunciations given are those of Modern Standard Arabic. Actual pronunciations differ, depending on the native variety of Arabic of the speaker. For a more thorough look at the sounds of Arabic, see Arabic phonology.

The symbols are arranged by similarity to letters of the Latin alphabet. Symbols resembling any Latin letter are placed at the end.

Symbol English
approximation		 Arabic
letter/symbol		 Usual
romanization		 Notes
A–B
a father, but shorter َ a e [lower-alpha 1]
aː father ا ى ā aa a [lower-alpha 2]
aw /a/+/w/ و aw au o [lower-alpha 3]
b bee ب b [lower-alpha 4]
D
d deal د d [lower-alpha 5]
dˤ emphatic /d/,
somewhat close to dark		 ض ḍ [lower-alpha 6][lower-alpha 5]
dʒ jam ج j ǧ dj [lower-alpha 7]
ð these ذ dh ḏ [lower-alpha 8]
ðˤ emphatic /ð/ ظ ẓ [lower-alpha 6][lower-alpha 9]
E
eː bay ي ay ey ai ei e [lower-alpha 10]
F–H
f father ف f [lower-alpha 11]
h he ه h
ħ No equivalent ح ḥ [lower-alpha 12]
I–K
ɪ sit[1] ِ i e [lower-alpha 13]
iː machine ي ī ee i [lower-alpha 14]
j yes ي y
k skin ك k [lower-alpha 15]
L–N
l lease (Received Pronunciation) ل l
ɫ tool l [lower-alpha 16]
m me م m
n no ن n
O–R
θ think ث th ṯ [lower-alpha 8]
q somewhat close to c in scar ق q g [lower-alpha 17]
r somewhat close to ray ر r [lower-alpha 18]
S
s see س s
sˤ emphatic /s/,
somewhat close to massage		 ص ṣ [lower-alpha 6]
ʃ she ش sh š ch
T–W
t stik ت   (sometimes ة) t [lower-alpha 5][lower-alpha 15]
tˤ emphatic /t/,
somewhat close to star		 ط ṭ [lower-alpha 6][lower-alpha 5]
u put ُ u o ou [lower-alpha 19]
uː rule و ū oo ou u [lower-alpha 20]
w we و w
X–Z
x Scottish loch,
Spanish jota		 خ kh ḫ [lower-alpha 21]
ɣ Spanish fuego,
French parler		 غ gh ġ [lower-alpha 22]
z zoo ز z
Other
ʔ The pause in uh-oh!;
Cockney butter		 ء ʾ ’ ' [lower-alpha 23]
ʕ no equivalent ع ʿ ‘ ' ` [lower-alpha 24][lower-alpha 25]
θ see under O—R
ˈ [ˈkiːwi] كيوي 'kiwi' Means that the following syllable is stressed: /ˈʕarabiː/.
ː [kiːs] كيس 'sack' Means that the preceding vowel is long

Notes

  1. ↑ Allophones of /a/ include [ɑ] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r] and [æ] elsewhere (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595, 600; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, p. 52–53; Kaye 1997, p. 193, 197).
  2. ↑ Allophones of /aː/ include [ɑː] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r]; and [æː] elsewhere (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595, 600; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, p. 52–53; Kaye 1997, p. 193, 197).
  3. ↑ In colloquial pronunciation, /aw/ may be realized as [oː]~[ɔː] may occur (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595; Kaye 1997, p. 198).
  4. ↑ The letter ب may represent [p] in foreign loanwords (sometimes written پ) and before voiceless consonants (Kaye 1997, p. 193).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 /d dˤ t tˤ/ are realized as either dental, denti-alveolar or alveolar (Al-Ani 2008, p. 597).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Emphatic consonants may be pharyngealized or velarized (Al-Ani 2008, p. 599; Kaye 1997, p. 193).
  7. ↑ The letter ج is pronounced as [ɡ] in Egypt and as [ʒ] in the Levant and the Maghreb (Al-Ani 2008, p. 598; Gairdner 1925, p. 23).
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 In nonstandard pronunciations, /θ/ and /ð/ may be pronounced as [s] and [z] (Gairdner 1925, p. 19, 81).
  9. ↑ The letter ظ is realized as [ðˤ] or [zˤ] (Al-Ani 2008, p. 601).
  10. ↑ In colloquial pronunciation, [eː] may be realized as /aj/~[ɛː] (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595; Kaye 1997, p. 198).
  11. ↑ The letter ف may represent [v] in foreign loanwords (sometimes written ڤ or ڥ) and may be pronounced as well as before voiced consonants (Kaye 1997, p. 193).
  12. ↑ /ħ/ is realized as [ħ] or [ʜ].
  13. ↑ Allophones of /ɪ/ include [i]~[e] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595, 600; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, p. 52–53; Kaye 1997, p. 193, 197).
  14. ↑ Allophones of /iː/ include [ɪː]~[ɨː] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595, 600; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, p. 52–53; Kaye 1997, p. 193, 197).
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 /k/ is usually aspirated (Al-Ani 2008, p. 597–598).
  16. ↑ [ɫ] occurs only in the word Allah: [ɑɫˈɫɑh] (Al-Ani 2008, p. 600; Kaye 1997, p. 196).
  17. ↑ /q/ may be pronounced as [ʔ] in Egypt and the Levant and as [ɡ] or [ɢ] in other dialects (Gairdner 1925, p. 26–27).
  18. ↑ /r/ is a trill [r] or a flap [ɾ]; it may be velarized or pharyngealized as well (Al-Ani 2008, p. 600).
  19. ↑ Allophones of /u/ include [ʊ]~[ɤ]~[o] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595, 600; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, p. 52–53; Kaye 1997, p. 193, 197).
  20. ↑ Allophones of /uː/ include [ʊː]~[ɤː]~[oː] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595, 600; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, p. 52–53; Kaye 1997, p. 193, 197).
  21. ↑ /x/ is realized as [x] or [χ].
  22. ↑ /ɣ/ is realized as [ɣ] or [ʁ] (Al-Ani 2008, p. 599; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, p. 598; Gairdner 1925, p. 26).
  23. ↑ /ʔ/ is usually written above or below أ, إ, آ, ئ or ؤ.
  24. ↑ /ʕ/ is realized as [ʕ] or [ʔˤ] (Al-Ani 2008, p. 599; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, p. 51).
  25. ↑ /ʢ/ is neither pharyngeal nor fricative, but it is more correctly described as a creaky-voiced epiglottal approximant (Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–168)).

References

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  1. ↑ http://www.madinaharabic.com/Arabic_Reading_Course/Lessons/L000_002.html
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