List of Orthodontic Functional Appliances

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This is a comprehensive list of functional appliances that are used in the field of Orthodontics. The functional appliances can be divided into fixed and removable. The fixed functional appliances have to be bonded to the teeth by an Orthodontist in his practice. A removable functional appliance does not need to be bonded on the teeth and can be removed by the patient. A removal appliance is usually used by patients who have high degree of compliance with their orthodontic treatment. Patients whose compliance is decreased and may not respond to a functional appliance therapy, a fixed appliance is indicated.

Both fixed and removable functional appliances can be used to correct a malocclusion in 3 planes of spaces: Anterior-Posterior, Vertical and Transverse. In the Anterior-Posterior dimension, appliances such as Class II and Class III are used. Appliances used in transverse dimension are utilized to expand either the maxillary or the mandibular arch. Appliances used in vertical dimension are used to correct open or deep bite.[1] [2]

History

It is important to note that the dento-facial Orthopedics was mainly done in Europe initially as United States was introduced to Fixed Orthodontics by Edward Angle. Norman William Kingsley was the first person to show "jumping the bite" by using an anterior bite plate. Wilhelm Roux is credited to be the first person who studied the effects of functional forces on Orthodontics in 1883. His workings were used by other dentists in future to study the dental orthopedics. His teachings became known as Roux Hypothesis, which Karl Haupl later expanded. Monobloc developed by Pierre Robin (surgeon) in 1902 is considered to be one of the first functional appliances in Orthodontics. The Monobloc was a modification of Ottolengui’s removable plate. In 1920, Viggo Andersen developed the Activator Appliance. This was the first functional appliance to be widely accepted, especially in Europe. This appliance became the "Norwegian" system of treatment in Orthodontics in early 1900s.

In addition, in 1905 the Herbst Appliance was introduced by Emil Herbst. This appliance did not go through much evolution until the 1970s when Hans Pancherz revived interest in this appliance. In 1950s, Wilhem Balters modified Andersen's Activator appliance and gave the new appliance the name Bionator which was designed to produce forward positioning of the mandible. Positioner Appliance was developed by Harold Kesling in 1944 in order to aid the Orthodontic treatment during the finishing stage. The Frankel Appliances were developed by Rolf Frankel in 1957 for treatment of Class I, II, III malocclusions.

Fixed Appliances

Distalization Appliances

  • "New" Distalizer
  • Barrel Fixed 3-Way
  • Beneslider
  • CD Distalizer Nance Appliance with Coil Springs
  • Carriere Distalizer
  • Distal Jet
  • Fast Back Appliance
  • First Class Appliance
  • Greenfield Molar Distalizer (Piston Appliance)
  • Hilgers Pendulum
  • Intraoral Body Molar Distalizer (IBMD)
  • Jones Jig
  • Keles Slider
  • Korn Lip Bumper
  • Lokar Appliance
  • Mandibular Anterior Repositioning Appliance (MARA)
  • Molar Distalization Bow
  • Multi-Distalizing Arch
  • P-Rax Molar Distalizer
  • Simplified Molar Distalizer (FROG)
  • Standard Pendulum
  • T-Rex
  • Veltri's Distalizer
  • Vertical Holding Appliance
  • Wilson's Bimetric Distalizing Arch

Class II Appliances

  • Herbst Appliance
    • MiniscopeTM Telescoping Herbst
  • MARA Appliance
  • Bionator Appliance
  • Higgins Xbow
  • PowerScope 2
  • Forsus Appliance

Class III Appliances

  • Quick Fix
  • Modified Tandem Appliances (MTA)
  • Class III Tandem Bow

Transverse Dimension appliances

  • Bionator Appliance
  • Double-Hinged Expander (Alt-RAMEC Techique)
  • Dresden-Distractor
  • E-Arch
  • Fixed Fan Gear Appliance
  • Goshgarian Palatal Arch
  • Haas Appliance
  • Hybrid-Hyrax Appliance
  • Memory Screw Appliance
  • Niti Expander
  • Porter W Appliance
  • Quad helix
  • Rapid palatal expander (RPE)
  • Reverse Loop Palatal Arch
  • Skeletal Expander
  • Slim Gear Appliance
  • Super Screw Appliance
  • Transpalatal arch (TPA)

Intrusion Appliances

  • Rapid Molar Intruder

Mesialization Appliances

  • Mesial Jet

Vertical Dimension Appliances

  • Thurow Appliance
    • Modified Thurow Appliance

Removable Appliances

Components

Some of the components of removal appliances are retentive in nature. They are usually connecting by a acrylic component known as baseplate. Majority of the appliances include components such as Labial Bow and Adams Clasp which are passive in nature. Labial bow is a wire attached to the baseplate which goes around the incisor teeth to provide retention of the those teeth. Labial bow usually have U-Loops at the end to allow it to activate more. Adams clasps are used for retention of these removable appliances and are usually fabricated in the molar areas. They are made up of 0.7mm stainless steel wire. Removal of the appliance is usually performed by holding the bridge of this clasp. Other clasps that are usually used are Southend Clasp, Ball-ended clasp and Plint clasp.

Active components of removable appliances include springs which provides light forces on a tooth to move it orthodontically. Components such as Palatal Finger Springs, Buccal Canine Retractor, Z-Spring, T-Spring, Coffin Spring, Active Labial Bows (Mill's Bow or Roberts retractor), Screws and Elastics are all considered to be active components of the removable functional appliances.

  • Palatal Finger Spring - These springs are used to move teeth buccally or lingually.
  • Buccal Canine Retractor - These springs are used to bring a buccaly placed canine more lingual.
  • Z-Spring - This spring is used to move one or two teeth labially
  • T-Spring - This spring is used to move teeth labially.
  • Coffin Spring - This spring is used for expansion and can be substituted instead of a screw in an expansion device. They apply heavy forces and is activated by flattening the spring.

Class II Appliances

  • Twin-Block Appliance
  • Frankel II
  • Mono-Bloc Appliance
  • Rickonator
  • Dynamax Appliance
  • R-Appliance
  • Anterior Inclined Bite Plate (AIBP)
  • Schartz Double Plate
  • Activator Appliance
    • Split Activator (Bow activator)
    • Harvold Activator
    • Woodside Activator
    • Medium Opening Activator
  • Eaxpansion and labial segment alignment appliance (ELSAA)

Class III Appliances

  • Eganhouse Class III Appliance
  • Frankel III

Transverse Appliances

  • Frankel I, II, IV

Distalization Appliances

  • Acrylic Cervical Occipital Anchorage Appliance (ACCO)

Orthodontic/Deprogramming Splints

  • Dorsal Splint
  • Superior Repositioning Splint
  • Farrar Splint
  • Maxillary Anterior Deprogrammer
  • Maxillary Flat Plane
  • Stack Bionator
  • Luco Splint
  • Gelb Splint/MORA
  • Modified Gelb Splint
  • Tanner Repositioning Splint
  • Pull Forward Splint
  • Flat Occlusal Plane Splint
  • Mini Deprogrammer
  • "B" Splint (Wilkerson Style)
  • Cranham Deprogrammer
  • Kois Deprogrammer
  • Full Contact Splint with Anterior Guidance
    • Pankey Style
    • Brucia/FACE Style
    • Dawson Style
    • Spear Style

Reference

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