List of archaeological periods (North America)

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North American archaeological periods divides the history of pre-Columbian North America into a number of named successive eras or periods, from the earliest-known human habitation through to the early Colonial period which followed the European colonization of the Americas.

Stage classification

One of the most enduring classifications of archaeological periods & cultures was established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology. They divided the archaeological record in the Americas into 5 phases, only three of which applied to North America.[1] The use of these divisions has diminished in most of North America due to the development of local classifications with more elaborate breakdowns of times.[2]

1. The Paleo-Indians stage and/or Lithic stage
2. The Archaic stage
3. Post-archaic stage - At this point the North American classifications system differs from the rest of the Americas.

For more details on the five major stages, still used in Mesoamerican archaeology, see Mesoamerican chronology and Archaeology of the Americas.

Table of archaeological periods North America

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Paleo Indians (Lithic stage)
(18,000 BC - 8000 BC)		 Clovis culture c. 13,500 BC - 11,000 BC
Western Fluted Point Tradition c. 11,200 BC - 9000 BC, California
Post Pattern c. 11,000 BC - 7000 BC, NW California
Folsom tradition c. 9000 BC - 8000 BC
Dalton Tradition c. 8500 BC - 7900 BC
Archaic period, (Archaic stage)
(8000 BC - 1000 BC)		 by Time Period Early Archaic
8000 BC - 6000 BC		 Plano cultures
Paleo-Arctic Tradition 8000 BC - 5000 BC
Maritime Archaic
Red Paint People
Middle Archaic
6000 BC - 3000 BC		 Chihuahua tradition c. 6000 BC - c. 250 AD
Watson Brake and Lower Mississippi Valley sites c. 3500 BC - 2800 BC
Late Archaic
3000 BC - 1000 BC		 Arctic Small Tool tradition 2500 BC - 800 BC
Aleutian tradition 2500 BC - 1800 BC
Poverty Point culture 2200 BC - 700 BC
by Location Great Basin Desert Archaic
Middle Archaic
Late Archaic
Great Lakes Old Copper Complex c. 4000 BC - c. 1000 BC
Red Ochre people c. 1000 BC - 100 BC
Glacial kame culture c. 8000 BC - 1000 BC
Mesoamerica Mexican Archaic
Southwest: Southwestern Archaic Traditions Archaic – Early Basketmaker Era c. 7000 BC - c. 1500 BC
San Dieguito-Pinto tradition c. 6500 BC - c. 200 AD
Chihuahua (Southeastern) Tradition c. 6000 BC - c. 250 AD
Oshara (Northern) Tradition c. 5500 BC - c. 600 AD
Cochise Tradition 5000 BC - 200 BC
California Millingstone Horizon (or Encinitas Tradition) c. 5500 BC - 1500 BC
Intermediate Horizon (or Campbell Tradition) c. 1500 BC - 1000 AD
Southeast Elliott's Point complex 2000 BC - 700 BC
Mount Royal culture 5000 BC - 2000 BC
Norwood culture 2000 BC - 500 BC
Orange culture 2000 BC - 500 BC
Poverty Point culture 2200 BC - 700 BC
Stallings Island (St. Simons) culture 2500 BC - 1000 BC
Thoms Creek culture 2500 BC - 1000 BC
Post-archaic period, (incorporating Formative, Classic and post-Classic stages)
(1000 BC - present)		 in North Norton tradition Choris Stage c. 1000 BC - 500 BC
Norton 500 BC - 800 AD
Ipiutak Stage 1 AD - 800 AD
Dorset culture 500 BC - 1500 AD
Thule people 1000 AD - 1600 AD
in Southwest
and by Pecos Classification		 Early Basketmaker II Era 1200 BC - 50 AD
Late Basketmaker II Era 50 AD - 500 AD
Basketmaker III Era 500 AD - 750 AD
Pueblo I Era 750 AD - 900 AD
Pueblo II Era 900 AD - 1150 AD
Pueblo III Era 1150 AD - 1350 AD
Pueblo IV Era 1350 AD - 1600 AD
Pueblo V Era 1600 AD - present
in Southwest
and by peoples		 Ancient Pueblo Peoples (Anasazi) 1 AD - 1300 AD
Hohokam 200 AD - 1450 AD
Fremont 400 AD - 1350 AD
Patayan 700 AD - 1550 AD
Mogollon 700 AD - 1400 AD
in East
and by peoples		 Early Woodland Period
1000 BC - 1 AD		 Adena culture 1000 BC - 100 BC
Deptford culture - Atlantic region 800 BC - 700 AD
Deptford culture - Gulf region 500 BC - 200 AD
Middle Woodland Period
1 - 500		 Hopewell culture 200 BC - 400 AD
Havana Hopewell culture (a Hopewellian culture) 200 BC to 400 AD
Kansas City Hopewell (a Hopewellian culture) 100 BC – 700 AD
Swift Creek culture (a Hopewellian culture) 100–500 AD
Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture (a Hopewellian culture) 100–300 AD
Marksville culture (a Hopewellian culture) 1 - 400 AD
Fourche Maline culture 300 BC to 800 AD
Copena culture (a Hopewellian culture) 1 - 500 AD
Late Woodland Period
500–1000		 Baytown culture 300–700 AD
Plum Bayou culture 400–900 AD
Troyville culture 300–700 AD
Coles Creek culture 700–1100 AD
Mississippian culture
900–1500
(ending with European contact)		 Early Mississippian culture 1000 - 1200 AD
Middle Mississippian culture 1200–1400 AD
Late Mississippian culture 1400–1500 AD
(or European contact)
Fort Ancient (a non-Mississippian culture) 1000 - 1550 AD
Oneota [3] 900 - 1650 AD
in Florida and adjacent parts of Alabama and Georgia, by culture Belle Glade culture 1050 BC - European contact
Glades culture 550 BC - European contact
Manasota culture 550 BC - 800 AD
St. Johns culture 550 BC - European contact
Caloosahatchee culture 500 BC - European contact
Weeden Island culture
100–1000 AD		 Weeden Island I, including 100–750 AD
- Cades Pond culture 100–600 AD
- Kolomaki culture 350–750 AD
- McKeithen Weeden Island culture 200–750 AD
Weeden Island II, including 750–1000 AD
- Wakulla culture 750–1000 AD
Alachua culture 600 - European contact
Suwannee Valley culture 750 - European contact
Safety Harbor culture 800 - European contact
Fort Walton culture a Mississippian culture 1000 - European contact
Pensacola culture 1250 - European contact

Culture, phase, and chronological table for the Mississippi Valley

Lower Mississippi Periods Lower Yazoo Phases Lower Yazoo
Dates		 Tensas/Natchez Phases Cahokia Phases Cahokia Dates Ohio/Miss. River
Confluence Phases		 Ohio/Miss. Dates
Historic Russell 1650–1750 AD Tensas / Natchez Vacant
Quarter		 1350 AD -
European Contact		 Jackson 1500-1650 AD
Plaquemine Mississippian culture
Late Plaquemine/Mississippian
Middle Plaquemine/Mississippian
Early Plaquemine/Mississippian		 Wasp Lake 1400-1650 AD Transylvania / Emerald
Lake George 1300-1400 AD Fitzhugh / Foster Sand Prairie 1275-1350 AD Medley Phase 1300-1500 AD
Winterville 1200-1300 AD Routh / Anna Moorehead 1200-1275 AD Dorena 1100-1300 AD
Transitional Coles Creek Crippen Point 1050-1200 AD Preston / Gordon Lohmann
Sterling		 1050-1200 AD
Coles Creek culture
Late Coles Creek
Middle Coles Creek
Early Coles Creek		 Kings Crossing 950-1050 AD Balmoral Terminal Late
Woodland		 900–1050 AD James Bayou 900-1100 AD
Aden 800-950 AD Ballina
Bayland 600-800 AD Sundown Late
Woodland		 400–900 AD Cane Hills
Berkley		 600–900 AD
400–600 AD
Baytown/Troyville
Baytown 2
Baytown 1		 Deasonville 500-600 AD Marsden
Little Sunflower 400-500 AD Indian Bayou
Marksville culture
Late Marksville
Early Marksville		 Issaquena 200-400 AD Issaquena Middle
Woodland		 200 BC - 400 AD La Plant
Burkett		 100 BC-400 AD
550-100 BC
Anderson
Landing		 0-200 AD Point Lake/
Grand Gulf
Tchefuncte culture Tuscola 400 BC-0 AD Panther Lake
Jaketown Poverty Point 700- 400 BC Frasier Early Woodland 700-200 BC O'Bryan Ridge 700-550 BC
- 1000-700 BC - Late Archaic 1000 - 200 BC

See also

Notes

  1. Lower Mississippi, Lower Yazoo, and Tensas/Natchez table taken from "Emerging Patterns of Plum Bayou Culture:Preliminary Investigations of the Toltec Mounds Research Project", by Martha Ann Rolingson, 1982, Pg-66.[4]
  2. Cahokia phases and dates taken from "Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians", by Pauketat, Timothy R., 2004, Pp-6.[5]
  3. Ohio and Mississippi River Confluence Phases and dates taken from "Kentucky Archaeology", edited by R. Barry Lewis, 1996, Pg - 16.[6]

References

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  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Willey and Phillips, Op. cit., p. 167
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Bibliography

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  • Milanich, Jerald T. (1998) Florida's Indians from Ancient Times to the Present. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1599-5
  • Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1273-2
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Philip Phillips (1970). Archaeological Survey In The Lower Yazoo Basin, Mississippi, 1949-1955(Part One). Published by the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 77-80028.
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