List of off-season Atlantic hurricanes
![Radar image of a hurricane near the Lesser Antilles. The storm features a well-defined, clear eye surrounded by a mass of intense convection. Rotating feeder bands, curving into the system, are present around the entire hurricane](/w/images/thumb/7/78/Hurricane_Alice_01_jan_1955_radar.jpg/300px-Hurricane_Alice_01_jan_1955_radar.jpg)
An off-season Atlantic hurricane is a recorded tropical or subtropical cyclone that existed in the Atlantic basin outside of the official Atlantic hurricane season. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration currently defines the season as occurring between June 1 and November 30 each calendar year, which is when 97% of all Atlantic tropical cyclones occur. Peak activity is known to be between August and October. In the off-season, storms are most likely to occur in May, with approximately 60% of such storms occurring during that month. Occasionally, however, storms develop in or persist until December. As of 2024, there have been 77 off-season cyclones in the Atlantic hurricane database, which began in 1851. In addition, there were six storms before 1851, and one hurricane in 1863 that is not part of the official database.
Off-season cyclones are most likely to occur in the central to western Atlantic Ocean, and most do not make landfall. Of the storms that did strike land, most affected areas surrounding the Caribbean Sea. Cumulatively, at least 246 deaths occurred due to the storms, primarily on the islands of Hispaniola and Cuba; a Tropical storm in May 1948 struck the Dominican Republic to become the deadliest off-season storm. However, an unofficial hurricane in 1863 killed 110 people due to a shipwreck off Florida and on land. The same storm was estimated to have reached winds of 105 mph (165 km/h), making it the strongest hurricane between December to May; the strongest currently in the official database was a March hurricane in 1908 that reached winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). In addition, the strongest off-season cyclone to make landfall in the United States was Tropical Storm Beryl in 2012, which made landfall near Jacksonville Beach, Florida with 65 mph (100 km/h) winds.[1] The most recent off-season storm was Alex in January 2016.
Contents
Background
In 1938, the United States Weather Bureau began issuing tropical cyclone warnings as a collaborative observation network for cities along the U.S. coastline, and the season was defined between June 15 and November 15.[2] In 1964, the season was extended to begin on June 1 and end on November 30,[3] which remains the official length of the season. About 97% of all tropical cyclones form within this time span, and activity usually peaks between August and October.[4] After Tropical Storm Ana formed in May 2015, former American Meteorological Society president Marshall Shepherd asked on Twitter whether the season should be begin earlier. James Franklin of the National Hurricane Center believed there was little advantage to changing it, noting the rarity of off-season storms, and that May storms only formed on average once every six years since the advent of satellite imagery. Franklin opined that the season could begin on May 15 with little difficulty, coinciding with the beginning of the Pacific hurricane season, but any earlier start would be costlier and interfere with off-season work.[5]
Chronology
Tropical cyclones have been named in the Atlantic since the 1947 Atlantic hurricane season, and subtropical cyclones have been recognized in HURDAT since 1968. The National Hurricane Center issues names for tropical and subtropical cyclones once their winds reach 39 mph (63 km/h). Before 1950, storms are numbered based on their appearance in the Atlantic hurricane database, although tropical depressions are unnumbered.[6][7][8] Storms before 1851 are unofficial and are not part of the official Atlantic hurricane best track.[9] In addition, a hurricane from May 1863, labeled "Amanda", is included after being rediscovered in 2013.[10]
The wind speeds listed are maximum one-minute average sustained winds, and the pressure is the minimum barometric pressure; tropical cyclones listed with N/A under pressure indicates there is no known estimated pressure. For deaths, "None" indicates that there were no reports of fatalities; death tolls listed as "several" mean there were fatalities reported, but an exact total is unavailable. For both deaths and damage, N/A refers to no known total, although such storms may have impacted land. The damage totals are the United states dollar of the year of the storm.
Name | Dates active | Peak classification | Sustained wind speeds |
Pressure | Land areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unnamed | May 23 – 24, 1771 | Tropical storm | ≥40 mph (65 km/h) | Not Specified | Cuba | N/A | None | [9] |
Unnamed | May 25 – 26, 1779 | Tropical storm | ≥40 mph (65 km/h) | Not Specified | Cuba | N/A | None | [9] |
Unnamed | May 28, 1794 | Tropical storm | ≥40 mph (65 km/h) | Not Specified | Cuba | N/A | None | [9] |
Unnamed | December 13 – 22, 1822 | Category 1 hurricane | ≥75 mph (120 km/h) | Not Specified | Eastern Caribbean Sea | N/A | None | [9] |
Unnamed | May 28 – June 5, 1825 | ≥Category 1 hurricane | ≥75 mph (120 km/h) | Not Specified | Cuba, United States East Coast | N/A | 7 | [9][11] |
Unnamed | May 20 – 21, 1838 | Tropical storm | ≥40 mph (65 km/h) | Not Specified | Jamaica | N/A | None | [9] |
"Amanda" | May 24 – 29, 1863 | Category 2 hurricane | 105 mph (165 km/h) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Florida | N/A | 110 | [10] |
#1 | May 30, 1865 | Tropical storm | 60 mph (95 km/h) | Not Specified | Caribbean Sea | N/A | None | [6] |
#12 | November 25 – December 2, 1878 | Tropical storm | 70 mph (115 km/h) | Not Specified | Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Jamaica | N/A | None | [6] |
#1 | May 15 – 18, 1887 | Tropical storm | 70 mph (115 km/h) | Not Specified | Atlantic Canada | N/A | None | [7] |
#2 | May 17 – 21, 1887 | Tropical storm | 60 mph (95 km/h) | Not Specified | Jamaica, Cuba, Bahamas | N/A | None | [7] |
#17 | November 27 – December 4, 1887 | Category 1 hurricane | 80 mph (130 km/h) | Not Specified | Bahamas | N/A | None | [7] |
#18 | December 4 – 8, 1887 | Category 1 hurricane | 80 mph (130 km/h) | Not Specified | Central Atlantic Ocean | N/A | None | [7] |
#19 | December 7 – 12, 1887 | Tropical storm | 60 mph (95 km/h) | Not Specified | Lesser Antilles, Colombia, Nicaragua | N/A | None | [7] |
#1 | May 16 – 21, 1889 | Category 1 hurricane | 80 mph (130 km/h) | Not Specified | Western Atlantic Ocean | N/A | None | [7] |
#1 | May 16 – 21, 1890 | Tropical storm | 60 mph (95 km/h) | Not Specified | Cuba | N/A | "Several" | [7][12] |
Unnamed | May 1 – 6, 1899 | Tropical depression | 25 mph (35 km/h) | 1010 hPa (29.83 inHg) | Haiti, Cuba | N/A | None | [7] |
#1 | March 6 – 9, 1908 | Category 2 hurricane | 100 mph (160 km/h) | Not Specified | Lesser Antilles | N/A | None | [7] |
#2 | May 24 – 31, 1908 | Category 1 hurricane | 75 mph (120 km/h) | 989 hPa (29.21 inHg) | North Carolina | N/A | None | [7] |
Unnamed | February 19 – 21, 1911 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | 1009 hPa (29.80 inHg) | Central Atlantic Ocean | N/A | None | [13] |
Unnamed | May 22 – 24, 1911 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | Not Specified | Central Atlantic Ocean | N/A | None | [13] |
Unnamed | December 11 – 13, 1911 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | 1005 hPa (29.68 inHg) | Haiti, Cuba | N/A | None | [13] |
Unnamed | April 14 – 16, 1912 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | Not Specified | Central Atlantic | N/A | None | [13] |
Unnamed | May 5 – 8, 1913 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | 1003 hPa (29.62 inHg) | Northern Atlantic Ocean | N/A | None | [13] |
Unnamed | April 29 – May 2, 1915 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | 1003 hPa (29.62 inHg) | Central Atlantic Ocean | N/A | None | [7] |
#1 | May 13 – 16, 1916 | Tropical storm | 60 mph (95 km/h) | 990 hPa (29.24 inHg) | Cuba, Florida | N/A | None | [7] |
Unnamed | May 12 – 15, 1922 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) | Nicaragua | N/A | None | [7] |
#4 | November 27 – December 1, 1925 | Tropical storm | 65 mph (100 km/h) | 995 hPa (29.39 inHg) | Cuba, United States East Coast Bermuda, Azores |
$3 million | 73 | [7][14][15] |
#1 | May 5 – 11, 1932 | Tropical storm | 50 mph (85 km/h) | Not Specified | Dominican Republic | N/A | None | [16] |
#1 | May 14 – 19, 1933 | Tropical storm | 45 mph (75 km/h) | Not Specified | Yucatan Peninsula | N/A | None | [17] |
#1 | May 15 – 18, 1935 | Tropical storm | 60 mph (95 km/h) | Not Specified | Hispaniola | N/A | None | [18] |
Unnamed | May 21 – 26, 1936 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | Not Specified | Texas | N/A | None | [19] |
#17 | December 4 – 6, 1936 | Tropical storm | 65 mph (100 km/h) | Not Specified | Eastern Atlantic Ocean | N/A | None | [19] |
#1 | January 3 – 6, 1938 | Category 1 hurricane | 80 mph (130 km/h) | Not Specified | Eastern Atlantic Ocean | N/A | None | [20] |
#1 | May 19 – 24, 1940 | Tropical storm | 65 mph (100 km/h) | Not Specified | Western Atlantic Ocean | N/A | None | [21] |
#1 | May 22 – 28, 1948 | Tropical storm | 50 mph (85 km/h) | Not Specified | Dominican Republic | N/A | 80 | [6][12] |
#1 | January 4 – 9, 1951 | Tropical storm | 65 mph (100 km/h) | 997 hPa (29.44 inHg) | Western Atlantic Ocean | N/A | None | [6] |
Able | May 16 – 24, 1951 | Category 1 hurricane | 90 mph (150 km/h) | 973 hPa (28.73 inHg) | Bahamas, North Carolina | N/A | None | [22][23] |
Depression | May 17 – 18, 1951 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) | Western Atlantic Ocean | N/A | None | [7] |
#12 | December 7 – 10, 1951 | Category 1 hurricane | 80 mph (130 km/h) | 995 hPa (29.39 inHg) | Azores | N/A | None | [6] |
#1 | February 2 – 3, 1952 | Tropical storm | 70 mph (110 km/h) | 990 hPa (29.24 inHg)) | Florida | N/A | None | [6] |
Alice | May 25 – June 7, 1953 | Tropical storm | 70 mph (115 km/h) | 987 hPa (29.15 inHg) | Cuba, Florida | N/A | 6 | [24][7] |
Irene | December 7 – 9, 1953 | Tropical storm | 40 mph (65 km/h) | Not Specified | Central Atlantic Ocean | N/A | None | [6] |
Depression | December 13 – 14, 1953 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | Not Specified | Lesser Antilles | N/A | None | [7] |
Depression | January 27 – 28, 1954 | Subtropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | 1010 hPa (29.83 inHg) | Central Atlantic Ocean | N/A | None | [7] |
Depression | May 19 – 25, 1954 | Subtropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | 1010 hPa (29.83 inHg) | Northeastern Atlantic Ocean | N/A | None | [7] |
#1 | May 28 – 30, 1954 | Tropical storm | 50 mph (85 km/h) | 997 hPa (29.44 inHg)) | North Carolina | N/A | None | [6] |
Alice | December 30, 1954 – January 6, 1955 | Category 1 hurricane | 80 mph (130 km/h) | 987 hPa (29.15 inHg) | Lesser Antilles | $600 thousand | None | [25] |
Arlene | May 28 – 31, 1959 | Tropical storm | 60 mph (95 km/h) | 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) | United States Gulf Coast | $500 thousand | 1 | [26] |
#1 | May 29 – June 2, 1969 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | Not Specified | Western Atlantic Ocean | N/A | None | [6] |
#2 | May 29 – 30, 1969 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | Not Specified | Cuba | N/A | None | [6] |
Alma | May 17 – 26, 1970 | Category 1 hurricane | 80 mph (130 km/h) | 993 hPa (29.33 inHg) | Cuba, Florida | N/A | 8 | [27][28] |
Alpha | May 23 – 29, 1972 | Subtropical storm | 70 mph (115 km/h) | 991 hPa (29.27 inHg) | Southeastern United States | $100 thousand | 2 | [6][29][30] |
#1 | April 18 – 21, 1973 | Tropical depression | 30 mph (45 km/h) | Not Specified | Central Atlantic Ocean | None | None | [6] |
#2 | May 2 – 5, 1973 | Tropical depression | 30 mph (45 km/h) | Not Specified | Central Atlantic Ocean | None | None | [6] |
#3 | May 19 – 20, 1974 | Tropical depression | 30 mph (45 km/h) | Not Specified | Belize, Mexico, Cuba Jamaica, United States Gulf Coast |
N/A | None | [31][32] |
#23 | December 9 – 13, 1975 | Subtropical storm | 70 mph (115 km/h) | 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) | Northeast Atlantic Ocean | N/A | None | [6] |
#1 | May 21 – 25, 1976 | Subtropical storm | 50 mph (85 km/h) | 994 hPa (29.36 inHg) | Florida | N/A | None | [6] |
#1 | January 18 – 23, 1978 | Subtropical storm | 45 mph (75 km/h) | 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) | Central Atlantic Ocean | N/A | None | [6] |
Arlene | May 6 – 9, 1981 | Tropical storm | 60 mph (95 km/h) | 999 hPa (29.50 inHg) | Cuba, Bahamas | N/A | None | [33] |
Lili | December 12 – 24, 1984 | Category 1 hurricane | 80 mph (130 km/h) | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | Hispaniola | N/A | None | [34] |
#14 | December 7 – 9, 1985 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | Not Specified | Western Caribbean Sea | N/A | None | [6] |
#1 | May 24 – June 1, 1987 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | 1011 hPa (29.86 inHg) | Bahamas | N/A | None | [6] |
#1 | May 31 – June 2, 1988 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) | Cuba | N/A | 37 | [35][36] |
Karen | November 28 – December 4, 1989 | Tropical storm | 60 mph (95 km/h) | 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) | Cuba | N/A | None | [37] |
#1 | May 24 – 27, 1990 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | 1007 hPa (29.74 inHg) | Cuba, Florida | None | None | [38] |
One | April 21 – 24, 1992 | Subtropical storm | 50 mph (85 km/h) | 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) | Central Atlantic Ocean | None | None | [39] |
#1 | May 31 – June 3, 1993 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | 999 hPa (29.50 inHg) | Cuba, Florida | None | 7 | [40] |
Nicole | November 24 – December 1, 1998 | Category 1 hurricane | 85 mph (140 km/h) | 979 hPa (28.91 inHg) | Northeastern Atlantic Ocean | None | None | [41] |
Olga | November 24 – December 6, 2001 | Category 1 hurricane | 90 mph (150 km/h) | 973 hPa (28.73 inHg) | Western Atlantic Ocean | None | None | [42] |
Ana | April 20 – 24, 2003 | Tropical storm | 60 mph (95 km/h) | 994 hPa (29.36 inHg) | Florida | None | 2 | [43] |
Odette | December 4 – 7, 2003 | Tropical storm | 65 mph (100 km/h) | 993 hPa (29.33 inHg) | Hispaniola | $8 million | 8 | [43][44] |
Peter | December 7 – 11, 2003 | Tropical storm | 70 mph (115 km/h) | 990 hPa (29.24 inHg) | Eastern Atlantic Ocean | None | None | [43] |
Otto | November 29 – December 3, 2004 | Tropical storm | 50 mph (85 km/h) | 995 hPa (29.39 inHg) | Central Atlantic Ocean | None | None | [45] |
Epsilon | November 29 – December 8, 2005 | Category 1 hurricane | 85 mph (140 km/h) | 981 hPa (28.97 inHg) | Central Atlantic Ocean | None | None | [46] |
Zeta | December 30, 2005 – January 7, 2006 | Tropical storm | 65 mph (100 km/h) | 994 hPa (29.36 inHg) | Central Atlantic Ocean | None | None | [46] |
Andrea | May 9 – 11, 2007 | Subtropical storm | 60 mph (95 km/h) | 1001 hPa (29.56 inHg) | Southeast United States coast | $800 thousand | 6 | [47] |
Olga | December 11 – 12, 2007 | Tropical storm | 60 mph (95 km/h) | 1003 hPa (29.29 inHg) | Greater Antilles | $45 million | 40 | [47][48] |
Arthur | May 31 – June 2, 2008 | Tropical storm | 45 mph (75 km/h) | 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) | Belize, Yucatan Peninsula | $78 million | 5 | [49] |
#1 | May 28 – 29, 2009 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | 1006 hPa (29.71 inHg) | Western Atlantic Ocean | None | None | [50] |
Alberto | May 19 – 22, 2012 | Tropical storm | 60 mph (95 km/h) | 995 hPa (29.39 inHg) | South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia | Minimal | None | [51] |
Beryl | May 26 – 30, 2012 | Tropical storm | 70 mph (115 km/h) | 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) | Florida, Georgia, Cuba, The Bahamas | $148 thousand | 3 | [1][52] |
Unnamed | December 5 – 7, 2013 | Subtropical storm | 50 mph (85 km/h) | 997 hPa (29.44 inHg) | Azores | None | None | [53] |
Ana | May 8 – 11, 2015 | Tropical storm | 60 mph (95 km/h) | 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) | Southeastern United States | Minimal | 2 | [54] |
Alex | January 13 – present | Subtropical storm | 50 mph (85 km/h) | 990 hPa (29.24 inHg) | Eastern Atlantic Ocean | None | None | [55] |
Records and statistics
In the official Atlantic hurricane database, which dates back to 1851, the first storm to occur outside of the current season was in 1865 in the Caribbean Sea. In the database, 77 tropical or subtropical cyclones have existed between December and May, most recently Alex in 2016.[6][7] In addition, there were at least five storms in May and another in December before the start of the official database.[9]
Storms were most likely to occur in May, followed by December. Out of all recorded storms in the database, only one cyclone was reported in the month of March; the 1908 March hurricane, as well as one tropical storm in February, which was the 1952 Groundhog Day Storm. In addition, only two tropical or subtropical cyclones formed in April – a 1992 subtropical storm and Tropical Storm Ana of 2003. A hurricane in 1938, a tropical storm in 1951, a 1978 subtropical storm, and Subtropical Storm Alex of 2016 occurred in January. Of all cyclones during the off-season, Hurricane Lili in 1984 lasted the longest, for a total of 12 days. Hurricane Epsilon, which formed in November, maintained hurricane status for five days in December 2005, longer than any other storm in December; the previous record was two and a half days, set by Hurricane Lili in 1984. Additionally, Hurricane Alice in 1954–1955 and Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005–2006 were the only recorded cyclones to have spanned two calendar years.[6][7]
Of the off-season storms that struck land, portions of the Caribbean were affected most.[6][7] Hurricane Alice was the only of the cyclones to strike land as a hurricane, doing so to islands in the northern Lesser Antilles; it caused locally heavy rainfall and moderate damage.[25] No hurricanes have ever made landfall in the United States during December, although at one point a storm in 1925 was believed to have done this.[6][56] One century earlier, a hurricane formed in the western Caribbean and struck Florida on or before June 3,[57] which was the earliest date for a United States hurricane landfall.[58] However, there is an unofficial hurricane in 1863 that struck the Florida panhandle, killing 110 people.[10] The deadliest official off-season storm was a tropical storm in May 1948, which killed 80 people in the Dominican Republic.[12]
The year with the most off-season storms was 1887, with a total of five existing in the off-season. The 1951 season had four, one of which a depression. Several others had three tropical cyclones, of which only 2003 had three tropical storms. The 1908 and 1951 seasons were the only ones with two hurricanes forming in the off-season. In seven seasons, there were storms both prior to the start of the season as well as after the season ended, those being 1887, 1911, 1951, 1953, 1954, 2003, and 2007; all but 1911 had tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm status before and after the season.[6][7]
Monthly statistics
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See also
References
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- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. See p. 1176.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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