Luigi Taparelli

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Monsignor
Luigi Taparelli
SJ
File:Luigi Taparelli d'Azeglio.tif
Born (1793-11-24)24 November 1793
Turin, Piedmont-Sardinia
(present-day Italy)
Died Script error: The function "death_date_and_age" does not exist.
Rome, Papal States
(present-day Italy)
Alma mater University of Turin
Era 19th century
Region Western philosophy
School Thomism
Traditionalism
Institutions Oblates of the Virgin Mary
Society of Jesus
Main interests
 Religion, sociology
Notable ideas
 Social justice, subsidiarity
Influences
Influenced

Luigi Taparelli SJ (born Prospero Taparelli d'Azeglio; 1793–1862) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest, philosopher and sociologist. He coined the term social justice,[1] subsequently taken up and developed by Antonio Rosmini in The Constitution Under Social Justice and by John Stuart Mill in Utilitarianism. Taparelli d'Azeglio was also one of the first theorists of the principle of subsidiarity, as part of his natural law theory of just social order.[2][3][4]

Biography

Taparelli was born in Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia. He was the fourth of eight children of Cesare, count of Lagnasco and marquis of Montanera, diplomat of the court of Victor Emmanuel I, and of Cristina Morozzo della Rocca of the marquises of Bianzè. At his birth he was given the name of Prospero which, he changed to Luigi, when he joined the Society of Jesus.[5] The brothers Massimo and Roberto were politicians and senators of the Kingdom.

He matured his religious vocation following a course of spiritual exercises dictated by the venerable Pio Brunone Lanteri (1759–1830), founder of the congregation of the Oblates of the Virgin Mary. He studied at the Collegio Tolomei of Siena and then at the University of Turin until 1809. He entered the seminary of Turin, when his father was sent as a diplomat to the court of Pius VII, he moved with him to Rome and was admitted to the Jesuit novitiate of Sant'Andrea al Quirinale.

He was ordained a priest in 1820. In 1824–29 he began to study the philosophy of Saint Thomas Aquinas, a study he continued in Naples in 1829–32. Taparelli became the Jesuit provincial in Naples and brought in Domenico Sordi to teach at the Jesuit College there. Sordi formed a small, somewhat secret group that met discreetly to study Thomism.

Since 1825, Taparelli was convinced that the philosophy of Aquinas needed to be revived, thinking that the subjective philosophy of René Descartes leads to dramatic errors in morality and politics. He reasoned that whereas different opinions on the natural sciences have no effect on nature, unclear metaphysical ideas about humanity and society can lead to social chaos. In 1833 he was assigned to the Collegio Massimo in Palermo where he taught French and then assumed the chair of natural law.

Taparelli cofounded the journal Civiltà Cattolica in 1850 and wrote for it for twelve years. He was particularly concerned with the problems arising from the industrial revolution. He was a proponent of reviving the philosophical school of Thomism, and his social teachings influenced Pope Leo XIII's 1891 encyclical, Rerum novarum (On the Condition of the Working Classes).[6]

The Catholic Church had not yet developed a clear philosophical view regarding the great social changes that were appearing in the early nineteenth century in Europe, which led to much confusion among the ecclesiastical hierarchy and laity. In response to this problem, Taparelli applied the methods of Thomism to these social problems in a coherent manner.[7][8]

After the social revolutions of 1848, the church decided to enter the conflict raging between the laissez-faire liberal capitalists and the socialists. Up until then, the church relied primarily on evangelical charitable activities. In 1850, Taparelli was granted permission by Pope Pius IX to co-found Civiltà Cattolica with Carlo Maria Curci. In particular, he attacked the tendency to separate morality from positive law, and also the "heterodox spirit" of unconstrained freedom of conscience which destroyed the unity of society.[9][10]

His major ideas include social justice and subsidiarity. He viewed society as not a monolithic group of individuals, but of various levels of sub-societies, with individuals being members of these. Each level of society has both rights and duties which should be recognized and supported. All levels of society should cooperate rationally and not resort to competition and conflict. After the establishment of the League of Nations, Taparelli d'Azeglio was considered a precursor. He defended the idea of a universal authority — which he called "ethnarchy" — with the role of court and arbitrator, which could protect every nation from external threats.[11]

Works

  • Saggio teoretico di diritto naturale: Appoggiato sul fatto (1840; translated into Spanish by Juan Manuel Ortí y Lara)
  • Corso elementare di natural diritto: opera (1845; translated into French by Charles-Alphonse Ozanam)
  • Della nazionalità (1847)
  • Esame critico degli ordini rappresentativi nella società moderna (1854)
  • Essai sur les principes philosophiques de l'économie politique (1943; extract from the Civiltà cattolica, from 1856 to 1862; with introduction, bibliography and notes by Robert Jacquin)
  • La libertà tirannia: saggio del p. L. Taparelli d'Azeglio S. J. sul liberalismo risorgimentale (1960; edited by Giovanni Cantoni and Carlo Emanuele Manfredi)

Notes

  1. ↑ Paulhus, Normand J. (1987). "Uses and Misuses of the Term "social Justice" in the Roman Catholic Tradition," The Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. XV, No. 2, pp. 261–82.
  2. ↑ Herbermann, Charles. “Aloysius Taparelli,” The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York: Appleton Company, 1913).
  3. ↑ Behr, Thomas. “Luigi Taparelli D'Azeglio, SJ and the Revival of Scholastic Natural Law," The Journal of Markets and Morality, Spring 2003.
  4. ↑ Behr, Thomas. Social Justice and Subsidiarity: Luigi Taparelli and the Origins of Modern Catholic Social Thought (Washington DC: Catholic University of American Press, December 2019).
  5. ↑ Corrado, Daniele; Stefano Solari (2009). "Social Justice and Different Views of Natural Law among XIX Century Economists," Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Sociali, Anno 117, No. 1, pp. 3–21.
  6. ↑ Behr, Thomas. "Catholic Social Teaching" in The Development of Catholic Social Teaching: A Volume of Scholarly Essays. G. Bradley; E. Brugger (eds.). (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019).
  7. ↑ Behr, Thomas. "Taparelli on Cult, Culture and Authentic Progress," Fellowship of Catholic Scholars Quarterly, Summer 2020.
  8. ↑ Behr, Thomas. Social Justice and Subsidiarity: Luigi Taparelli and the Origins of Modern Catholic Social Thought (Washington DC: Catholic University of American Press, December 2019).
  9. ↑ Taparelli, Luigi. "Critical Analysis of the First Principles of Political Economy," Thomas Behr, ed., trans. Journal of Markets & Morality, Fall 2011.
  10. ↑ Behr, Thomas. "Luigi Taparelli's Natural Law Approach to Social Economics," Journal des Économistes et des Études Humaines, Summer 2002.
  11. ↑ Minois, Georges (1994). L’Église et la guerre. De la Bible à l’ère atomique. Paris: Fayard.

References

Abbate, Emma (1997). "Luigi Taparelli D'Azeglio e l’istruzione nei collegi gesuitici del XIX secolo," Archivio storico per le province napoletane, Vol. CXV, pp. 467–516.
De Rosa, Gabriele (1963). I Gesuiti in Sicilia e la Rivoluzione de '48. Roma: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura.
Dianin, Giampaolo (2000). Luigi Taparelli d'Azeglio, 1793-1862: Il significato della sua opera, al tempo del rinnovamento neoscolastico, per l'evoluzione della teologia morale. Roma: Pontificio Seminario Lombardo.
Di Rosa, Luigi (1991). Luigi Taparelli: L'altro d'Azeglio. Milano: Cisalpino.
Ferraris, Carlo (1965). "Religione e Stato nel «Saggio» del P. Luigi Taparelli," Divus Thomas, Vol. LXVIII, pp. 384–97.
Jacquin, Robert (1943). Taparelli. Paris: P. Lethielleux.
Legitimo, Gianfranco (1963). Sociologi cattolici italiani: De Maistre, Taparelli, Toniolo. Roma: Il Quadrato.
Misner, Paul (1991). "The Predecessors of Rerum Novarum Within Catholicism," Review of Social Economy, Vol. XLIX, No. 4, pp. 444–64.
Pasinetti, Battista (1958). "La dottrina del bello nel pensiero di P. Taparelli d'Azeglio," Rivista di filosofia neo-scolastica, Vol. L, No. 5/6, pp. 496–517.
Pelzer, Auguste (1911). "Les initiateurs italiens du néo-thomisme contemporain," Revue Néo-scolastique de Philosophie, 18ᵉ Année, No. 70, pp. 230–54.
Romani, Roberto (2013). "Fiscalità cattolica e fiscalità liberale: Taparelli d'Azeglio e «La Civiltà Cattolica», 1850-1876," Contemporanea, Vol. XVI, No. 1, pp. 7–37.
Schrage, Marco (2019). "Luigi Taparellis naturrechtlicher Entwurf einer weltweiten Friedensordnung," Theologie und Philosophie, Vol. XCIV, pp. 367–402.
Schrage, Marco (2019). "Luigi Taparelli als Vordenker der Friedensethik Leos XIII. und Benedikts XV." In: Birgit Aschmann & Heinz-Gerhard Justenhoven, eds., Dès le début: Die Friedensnote Papst Benedikts XV. von 1917. Leiden: Brill, pp. 49–68.
Thibault, Pierre (1972). Savoir et Pouvoir. Philosophie Thomiste et Politique Cléricale au XIXe Siècle. Québec: Presses de l'Université Laval.
Traniello, Francesco (1990). "La polemica Gioberti-Taparelli sull'idea di nazione." In: Da Gioberti a Moro. Percorsi di una cultura politica. Milano: F. Angeli, pp. 43–62.
Traniello, Francesco (1992). "Religione, Nazione e sovranità nel Risorgimento italiano," Rivista di storia e letteratura religiosa, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 319–68.

External links


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