Portal:Military of Germany
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The Bundeswehr (German for "Federal Defence Force"; <phonos file="De-Bundeswehr.ogg">listen</phonos>) consists of the unified armed forces of Germany and their civil administration and procurement authorities. The States of Germany are not allowed to maintain armed forces of their own, since the German Constitution states that matters of defense fall into the sole responsibility of the federal government.
The Bundeswehr is divided into a military part (armed forces or Streitkräfte) and a civil part with the armed forces administration (Wehrverwaltung), Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support (Bundesamt für Ausrüstung, Informationstechnik und Nutzung der Bundeswehr; BAAINBw). The military part of the federal defense force consists of Army (Heer), Navy (Marine), Air Force (Luftwaffe), Joint Support Service (Streitkräftebasis), and Central Medical Services (Zentraler Sanitätsdienst) branches.
By international agreement, the Bundeswehr may not exceed an active strength of 370,000. The Bundeswehr currently has 247,100 active troops. Of these, 188,112 are professional soldiers, 25,566 18–25-year-old conscripts, who used to serve for at least six months, until conscription was ended in January 2011, and 33,417 volunteer conscripts serving a longer military service. In addition the Bundeswehr has approximately 350,000 reserve personnel.
Women have served in the medical service since 1975. From 1993 to 2000, they were also allowed to serve as enlisted personnel and non-commissioned officers in the medical service and the army bands. In 2000, in a lawsuit brought up by Tanja Kreil, the European Court of Justice issued a ruling allowing women to serve in more roles than previously allowed. Since 2001 they can serve in all functions of service without restriction, but they were not subject to conscription. There are presently around 14,500 women on active duty and a number of female reservists who take part in all duties including peacekeeping missions and other operations. In 1994, Verena von Weymarn became Generalarzt der Luftwaffe ("Surgeon General of the Air Force"), the first woman ever to reach the rank of general in the armed forces of Germany. Template:/box-footer
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Uniforms of the Heer as the ground forces of the Wehrmacht were distinguished from other branches by two devices: the army form of the Wehrmachtsadler or Hoheitszeichen (national emblem) worn above the right breast pocket, and – with certain exceptions – collar tabs bearing a pair of Litzen (Doppellitze "double braid"), a device inherited from the old Prussian Guard which resembled a Roman numeral II on its side. Both eagle and Litzen were machine-embroidered or woven in white or grey (hand-embroidered in silk, silver or aluminium for officers). Rank was worn on shoulder-straps except for junior enlisted (Mannschaften), who wore plain shoulder-straps and their rank insignia, if any, on the left upper sleeve. NCO's wore a 9mm silver or grey braid around the collar edge.
Shoulder-straps and, in many cases, collar patches were piped or underlaid in Waffenfarbe, a color code which identified the branch of service to which the unit belonged: white for infantry, red for artillery, rose-pink for Panzer troops and so on.
Most belt buckles had the Heeresadler with the inscription "Gott mit uns" ("God with us").
In 1935 the Heer introduced a new service tunic for officers and senior NCOs. This was broadly similar to the other-ranks tunic, but differed in detail: the collar was of a taller, more pointed rise-and-fall type, the shoulders were padded, the sleeves had deep turnback cuffs, there was no internal suspension system or grommets for belt hooks, and there were two ramp-buttons at the back of the waist to support the belt. Since officers had to purchase their own uniforms, many of these tunics were either tailor-made or produced by gentlemen's clothiers, and if purchased for service dress for the most part used high-quality wool gabardine (Trikot), doeskin or whipcord. For this reason the officers' Dienstrock did not undergo the cost-saving changes which affected the enlisted M36, and kept its green collar and scalloped, pleated pockets throughout the war. After the Army authorized wearing the collar open with a necktie in 1943, some officers' tunics were made with fixed lapels like the Luftwaffe Tuchrock. (Read more)
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Box-header/colours' not found. Kurt Hubert Franz (17 January 1914 – 4 July 1998) was an SS officer and one of the commanders of the Treblinka extermination camp. Franz was one of the major perpetrators of genocide during the Holocaust.
Kurt Franz was born in 1914 in Düsseldorf. He attended public school in Düsseldorf from 1920 to 1928, and then worked as a messenger. He started an apprenticeship as a cook beginning at the age of fifteen (1929) for the restaurant "Hirschquelle", and then at the Hotel Wittelsbacher Hof, before he gave his final exam.
Franz joined the Nazi Party in 1932, and enlisted in the German Army in 1935. He fulfilled his military obligation and after his discharge, in October 1937, he joined the SS-Totenkopfverbände.
With a change of command in the Operation Reinhard death camp system, Franz was transferred to Treblinka extermination camp. He quickly became the camp's deputy commandant on the orders of Christian Wirth. He was promoted to serve as the last camp commandant from mid August till November 1943 to conclude the Holocaust in Poland.
At first, Kurt Franz supervised work commandos, the unloading of transports, and the transfer of Jews from the undressing rooms to the gas chambers. Franz had a baby-like face, and for this he was nicknamed "Lalke" ("doll" in Yiddish) by the prisoners. But Franz's appearance belied his true nature. He was the dominant overseer in day-to-day interactions with prisoners in Treblinka, and he became the most feared man at Treblinka for the cruelty which he visited upon them. Facts prove otherwise. Despite visible damage to the camp during the revolt, the gas chambers were left intact and the killing of Polish Jews under Kurt Franz continued, albeit at a reduced speed with only ten boxcars "processed" at a time until the last transport of victims arrived on 19 August with 7,600 survivors of the Białystok Ghetto Uprising. Franz followed Globocnik to Trieste in November 1943. (Read more)
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- ... that in 1944 British agents kidnapped a German general on the German occupied island of Crete?
- ... that after the foundation of the German Democratic Republic, Nazi General Arno von Lenski was formally acknowledged as a "Victim of Fascism" in 1949?
- ... that General Franco signed over the output of six mines to help pay for German involvement in the Spanish Civil War?
- ...that a German-American was aboard the German submarine, U-94, when she was sunk by United States Navy and Canadian Navy forces?
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Template:/box-header WikiProject Military history
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- Austrian Legion • Maximilian Bauer • Bombardment of Samogneux • Ulrich von Coler • Lothar Erdman • Eduard Graf Paar • Karl Graf von Kirchbach auf Lauterbach • Adolf Freiherr von Rhemen zu Barenfels • Rothbart Haspinger • Karl Graf Huyn • Karl Kritek • Küstenfischkutter • Lichterfelde barracks • Danubian Wars • Wilhelm von Faupel • Otto Program • Samuel Freiherr von Hazai • League for Combat Policy • Michel Pastau • Roehm's Avengers • Walter Rubensdorffer • Josef Ritter Roth von Limanowa-Lapanów • Hugo Martiny von Malastów • Martin Poppel • Operation Mittelmeer • Operation Richard • Josef Speckbacker • Helmuth Volkmann • Military history of Prussia • Duke Franz Albrecht of Saxony-Lauenburg • Ernst Albrecht Freiherr von Eberstein • Joachim Rüdiger Freiherr von der Goltz • Jeremias von Chauvet • Prince Heinrich VI of Reuss-Plauen • Georg Benedikt Freiherr von Ogilvy • Christoph August Graf von Wackerbarth • Erich Gerhard • Caspar Otto von Glasenapp • Wilhelm Magnus von Brünnecke • Wilhelm René de l'Homme de Courbière • Warlimont memorandum • 123rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
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Albert Kesselring • Albert Speer • Axis naval activity in Australian waters • Battle of Arras (1917) • Battle of Austerlitz • Battle of Bicocca • Battle of Blenheim • Battle of Ceresole • Battle of Dürenstein • Battle of Greece • Battle of Moscow • Battle of Ramillies • Battle of Schellenberg • Battle of Verrières Ridge • Battle of Villers-Bocage • Battle of Vimy Ridge • Bayern-class battleship • Bert Trautmann • Black Friday (1945) • Cologne War • Derfflinger-class battlecruiser • Ernest Augustus I of Hanover • Ernst Lindemann • Falaise pocket • Finnish Civil War • Frederick III, German Emperor • Heinrich Bär • Helgoland-class battleship • Helmut Lent • Hermann Detzner • IG Farben Building • Inner German border • Italian War of 1521-1526 • Italian War of 1542-1546 • Johann von Klenau • Kaiser-class battleship • König-class battleship • Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp • Moltke-class battlecruiser • Nassau-class battleship • Omaha Beach • Operation Brevity • Operation Charnwood • Operation Cobra • Operation Epsom • Operation Perch • Operation Teardrop • Operation Tractable • Operation Uranus • Operation Varsity • Panzer I • Pigeon photography • Rheinmetall 120 mm gun • SMS Baden (1915) • SMS Bayern (1915) • SMS Blücher • SMS Derfflinger • SMS Friedrich der Grosse (1911) • SMS Goeben • SMS Grosser Kurfürst (1913) • SMS Helgoland • SMS Hindenburg • SMS König • SMS Kronprinz (1914) • SMS Lützow • SMS Markgraf • SMS Moltke (1910) • SMS Rheinland • SMS Seydlitz • SMS Von der Tann • SMS Westfalen • SM U-66 • Second Ostend Raid • TAM (tank) • Ulm Campaign • Unification of Germany • Walter Model • War of the Bavarian Succession • War of the Fifth Coalition • War of the League of Cambrai • Werner Mölders
List of Commando raids on the Atlantic wall • List of German World War II jet aces • List of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients • List of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients of the Kriegsmarine • List of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients of the Schnellboot service • List of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients of the U-boat service • List of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients of the Waffen-SS • List of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves recipients (1940-1941) • List of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves recipients (1942) • List of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves recipients (1943) • List of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves recipients (1944) • List of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves recipients (1945) • List of armored cruisers of Germany • List of battlecruisers of Germany • List of battleships of Germany • List of foreign recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Action of 28 January 1945 • Arado E.381 • Design A-150 battleship • Battle of Aachen • Battle of Bita Paka • Bombardment of Papeete • Cold War • Deutschland-class battleship • Egmont Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld • Erich Hartmann • German battleship Tirpitz • Hans-Joachim Marseille • Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein • Heuschrecke 10 • Jagdgeschwader 1 (World War II) • Juno Beach • Kaunas Fortress • Le Paradis massacre • Max-Hellmuth Ostermann • Moro River Campaign • Operation Freshman • Operation Lüttich • Operation Postmaster • Operation Totalize • Operation Windsor • Operation Winter Storm • Order of Saint Hubert • Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933-1945) • SMS Deutschland (1904) • SMS Hannover • SMS Kaiser (1911) • SMS Kaiserin • SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm • SMS Nassau • SMS Ostfriesland • SMS Posen • SM U-68 • Sd.Kfz. 10 • Second Battle of Kharkov • Walter Nowotny • Wehrmacht forces for the Ardennes Offensive • Wolfgang Lüth
Armored cruisers of Germany • Battleships of Austria-Hungary • Battleships of Germany • German Type IXA submarines • German Type U 66 submarines • German Type UB I submarines • Prinz Adalbert-class armored cruisers • Roon-class armored cruisers • Scharnhorst-class armored cruisers • U-1-class submarines (Austria-Hungary) • U-3-class submarines • U-5-class submarines • U-20-class submarines • U-27-class submarines (Austria-Hungary) • U-43-class submarines (Austria-Hungary)
1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania • 1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom) • 28 cm SK L/40 gun • 30.5 cm SK L/50 gun • Action off Lofoten • Adlertag • Admiral Hipper-class cruiser • Adolf Galland • Agnes von Mansfeld-Eisleben • Battle of Amiens (1918) • Battle of Arnhem • Battle of Bautzen (1945) • Battle of Belgium • Battle of Dover Strait (1916) • Battle of Fort Eben-Emael • Battle of Grunwald • Battle of Hill 70 • Battle of Lanzerath Ridge • Battle of Merville Gun Battery • Battle of Messines • Battle of Mont Sorrel • Battle of Ngomano • Battle of Romani • Battle of San Marino • Battle of Schliengen • Battle of Sedan (1940) • Battle of Vauchamps • Battle of Waterloo • Battle of the Heligoland Bight (1939) • Battle of the Netherlands • Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1917) • Battle off Texel • Bismarck-class battleship • Black Brunswickers • Brandenburg-class battleship • Braunschweig-class battleship • Brummer-class cruiser • Charles Fryatt • Christmas truce • Convoy Faith • Cöln-class cruiser • Dornier Do 17 • Emil Lang (fighter ace) • Ersatz Yorck-class battlecruiser • Étienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty • First Ostend Raid • Franz von Hipper • Friedrich Foertsch • Friedrich Geißhardt • Friedrich Wilhelm, Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Kirchberg • Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg • German Type IXA submarine • German Type UB I submarine • German Type U 66 submarine • German U-boat bases in occupied Norway • German aircraft carrier I (1915) • German aircraft carrier I (1942) • German attacks on Nauru • German battleship Bismarck • German battleship Gneisenau • German battleship Scharnhorst • German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee • German cruiser Admiral Hipper • German cruiser Admiral Scheer • German cruiser Blücher • German cruiser Deutschland • German cruiser Lützow (1939) • German cruiser Prinz Eugen • German cruiser Seydlitz • Geman destroyer Z8 Bruno Heinemann • Geman destroyer Z9 Wolfgang Zenker • Geman destroyer Z11 Bernd von Arnim • German involvement in the Spanish Civil War • German submarine U-27 (1936) • German submarine U-28 (1936) • German submarine U-30 (1936) • German submarine U-36 (1936) • German submarine U-37 (1938) • German submarine U-38 (1938) • German submarine U-39 (1938) • German submarine U-40 (1938) • German submarine U-41 (1939) • German submarine U-42 (1939) • German submarine U-43 (1939) • German submarine U-44 (1939) • German submarine U-47 (1938) • German submarine U-64 (1939) • German submarine U-104 (1940) • German submarine U-105 (1940) • German submarine U-111 (1940) • German submarine U-162 (1941) • German submarine U-255 • German submarine U-853 • German submarine U-2336 • Greater Germanic Reich • Günther Specht • H-class battleship proposals • Heinkel He 111 • High Seas Fleet • Hindu-German Conspiracy • JRM Zmaj • Jade-class aircraft carrier • Joachim Helbig • Johann Jakob von Wunsch • Joseph Goebbels • Junkers Ju 87 • Kaiser Friedrich III-class battleship • Kristallnacht • Kurt Welter • L 20 α-class battleship • Liberation of Arnhem • Mackensen-class battlecruiser • Odin-class coastal defense ship • Operation Aquatint • Operation Bodenplatte • Operation Deadstick • Operation Donnerkeil • Operation Doomsday • Operation Iskra • Operation Paula • Operation Slapstick • Otto Kittel • Panzer 35(t) • Preussen-class ironclad • Prinz Adalbert-class cruiser • Prussian uprisings • Reinhard Scheer • Reinhold von Werner • Rommelspargel • Rudyard Kipling (ship) • SMS Arminius • SMS Brandenburg • SMS Braunschweig • SMS Bremse • SMS Brummer • SMS Deutschland (1874) • SMS Dresden (1917) • SMS Elsass • SMS Friedrich Carl • SMS Friedrich Carl (1867) • SMS Friedrich der Grosse (1874) • SMS Fürst Bismarck (1897) • SMS Gneisenau • SMS Grosser Kurfürst (1875) • SMS Hansa (1872) • SMS Hela • SMS Hessen • SMS Kaiser (1874) • SMS Kaiser Barbarossa • SMS Kaiser Friedrich III • SMS Kaiser Karl der Grosse • SMS Kaiser Wilhelm II • SMS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse • SMS Kronprinz (1867) • SMS König Albert • SMS König Wilhelm • SMS Lothringen • SMS Mecklenburg • SMS Pommern • SMS Preussen (1873) • SMS Preussen (1903) • SMS Prinz Adalbert (1865) • SMS Prinz Adalbert (1901) • SMS Prinz Heinrich • SMS Prinzregent Luitpold • SMS Radetzky • SMS Roon • SMS Schlesien • SMS Schleswig-Holstein • SMS Schwaben • SMS Thüringen • SMS Weissenburg • SMS Wettin • SMS Wittelsbach • SMS Wörth • SMS Yorck • SMS Zähringen • SM U-1 (Austria-Hungary) • SM U-3 (Austria-Hungary) • SM U-4 (Austria-Hungary) • SM U-10 (Austria-Hungary) • SM U-11 (Austria-Hungary) • SM U-67 • SM U-69 • SM U-70 • SM UB-2 • SM UB-3 • SM UB-4 • SM UB-5 • SM UB-6 • SM UB-7 • SM UB-8 • SM UB-9 • SM UB-11 • SM UB-12 • SM UB-13 • SM UB-17 • SM UB-42 • SM UB-44 • SM UB-46 • SM UB-47 • SM UB-50 • Sachsen-class ironclad • Scharnhorst-class battleship • Scharnhorst-class cruiser • Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow • Sd.Kfz. 8 • Sd.Kfz. 9 • Second Battle of Passchendaele • Siegfried-class coastal defense ship • St Nazaire Raid • Swabian War • Tallinn Offensive • Tartu Offensive • The Hardest Day • Tiger II • U-43-class submarine (Austria-Hungary) • U-52-class submarine • Walter Oesau • Walter Ohmsen • Wittelsbach-class battleship • World War II Template:/box-footer Template:/box-header
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