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The
University of Cambridge (informally "Cambridge University", or simply "Cambridge"), located in the city of
Cambridge, England, is the
second oldest university in the English-speaking world and the fourth oldest in Europe. The name is sometimes abbreviated as
Cantab. in
post-nominals, a shortened form of
Cantabrigiensis (an adjective derived from
Cantabrigia, the Latinised form of
Cambridge). The university grew out of an association of scholars in the city of Cambridge that was formed,
early records suggest, in 1209 by scholars leaving the
University of Oxford after a dispute with townsfolk there. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge are often jointly referred to as "
Oxbridge". In addition to cultural and practical associations as a historic part of British society, the two universities also have a long
history of rivalry with each other. Academically, Cambridge is consistently
ranked in the world's top five universities and as a premier leading university in Europe by numerous media and academic rankings. The University's alumni include
88 Nobel Laureates as of 2012
[update]. (
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From 1748 to 1909, the
University of Cambridge published a list of the rankings of the mathematicians in each year. The
Senior or Second Wranglers were those who obtained the top marks in the
Mathematical Tripos, the
undergraduate mathematics examination. The prestige associated with the position of Senior Wrangler gradually increased through the course of its existence. In its heyday, the 19th century, the results of the exams would be reported in the major newspapers, such as
The Times. Second Wranglers (the runners-up) such as
James Clerk Maxwell (
pictured) and
William Thomson, went on to make considerable contributions to their fields. The order of merit listings began in 1748 and ended in 1909. The two top colleges in terms of number of Senior Wranglers are
Trinity and
St John's with 56 and 54 respectively. Obtaining the position of a highly ranked Wrangler created many opportunities for the individual's subsequent profession. They would often become
Fellows initially, but these were only short term appointments in most cases, before the individual moved on to other professions, such as law, the Church or medicine. (
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Edward Coke (1552–1634) was an English
barrister, judge and politician considered to be the greatest jurist of the
Elizabethan and
Jacobean eras. Educated at
Trinity College, Cambridge, he took part in several notable cases as a barrister, including
Slade's Case, before being elected to Parliament, where he served as
Solicitor General and as
Speaker of the House of Commons. As
Attorney General he prosecuted
Robert Devereux,
Sir Walter Raleigh and the
Gunpowder Plot conspirators. As
Chief Justice of the Common Pleas in the
Case of Proclamations and
Dr. Bonham's Case, he declared the King to be subject to the law, and the laws of Parliament to be void if in violation of "common right and reason". As
Chief Justiceship of the King's Bench, he restricted the definition of treason and declared a royal letter illegal, leading to his dismissal. He returned to Parliament, where he was instrumental in the passage of the
Petition of Right, considered one of the crucial constitutional documents of England. In retirement, he finished his
Reports and the
Institutes of the Lawes of England. (
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