Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region, officially the Regional Command of the Syrian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, is the ruling organ of the Ba'ath Party organization in Syria. The term Regional Command (Arabic: Al-Qiyada Al-Qutriyya) stems from Ba'athist ideology, where region literally means an Arab state.[1] According to the Syrian Constitution, the Regional Command has the power to nominate a candidate for president.[2] While the constitution does not state that the Regional Secretary of the Regional Command is the President of Syria, the charter of the National Progressive Front (NPF), of which the Ba'ath Party is a member, states that the President and the Regional Secretary is the NPF President, but this is not stated in any legal document.[3] The 1st Extraordinary Regional Congress held in 1964 decided that the Regional Secretary of the Regional Command would also be head of state.[4] Amin al-Hafiz, the sitting Regional Secretary, became head of state and retained his post as Prime Minister.[4]
At the 2nd Regional Congress in 1965, the Military Committee weakened the powers of the National Command by passing a resolution that the Regional Secretary of the Regional Command was ex officio head of state.[5] The Regional Secretary was given the powers to appoint the Prime Minister, the cabinet, the commander-in-chief and the leading military commanders.(Arabic: lajna quamiyya).[5] Before the 1970 Corrective Revolution that brought Hafez al-Assad to power, the local party leadership was elected by fellow Ba'ath Party members; when al-Assad came to power the Regional Command began to appoint all party officials.[6] Under Bashar al-Assad this policy was reversed, and party members were again able to elect the local party leadership, but candidates had to be approved by the party leadership.[7]
The Regional Command is officially responsible to the Regional Congress.[8] The Regional Command is supposed to be subordinate to the National Command, and official media portray it as such to stress the government's commitment to Ba'athist ideology.[8] Since Hafez al-Assad's rise to power, the National Command has been subordinate to the Regional Command.[8] Before the schism between the Military Committee led by Salah Jadid and the Aflaqites, and the ensuing 1966 Syrian coup d'état, the National Command was the leading party organ.[9] The Regional Command is today the post powerful institution in Syria.[10]
The Regional Secretary chairs all the meetings of the Regional Command.[11] If the Regional Secretary is absent, the Assistant Regional Secretary substitutes him.[11] The Assistant Regional Secretary sets the agenda for the meeting with consultation with the Regional Secretary.[11] Under Bashar al-Assad a degree of openness is permitted in Regional Command meetings.[11] Members are allowed to discuss each sides of complex issues, and members can criticize certain policies and how they are implemented.[11] However, if Bashar al-Assad supports a side, that side will prevail in the argument.[11] In contrast to his father, Hafez, who consulted with the Regional Command and took their views into account before he made a decision, the Regional Command under Bashar al-Assad is increasingly becoming a rubber stamp body.[11]
Heads and bureaus
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Members
Only members who were elected to the Regional Command at the 1st Regional Congress (held in September 1963) and after are included in this list. The Syrian Regional Branch was dissolved in 1958 (and is therefore considered as a distinct entity by the Syrian Regional Branch itself) so that Syria, with Egypt, could establish the United Arab Republic.[13] The Syrian Regional Branch was officially reestablished in September 1963.[13]
| Name | Took office | Left office | Term(s) | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hammud al-Shufi | 5 September 1963 | 1 February 1964 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Khalid al-Hakim | 5 September 1963 | 1 February 1964 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Nureddin al-Atassi | 5 September 1963 | 19 December 1965 | 4 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| 27 March 1966 | 13 November 1970 | 4 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). | |
| Mahmüd Nawfal | 5 September 1963 | 1 February 1964 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Ahmad Abü Sälih | 5 September 1963 | 1 February 1964 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Hamad Ubayd | 5 September 1963 | 19 December 1965 | 4 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Hafez al-Assad | 5 September 1963 | 4 April 1965 | 4 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| 27 March 1966 | 10 June 2000 | 8 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). | |
| Muhammad Rabbäh al-Tawil | 5 September 1963 | 19 December 1965 | 4 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| 27 March 1966 | 13 November 1970 | 4 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). | |
| Amin al-Hafiz | 1 February 1964 | 19 December 1965 | 3 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Salah Jadid | 1 February 1964 | 19 December 1965 | 4 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| 27 March 1966 | 13 November 1970 | 4 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). | |
| Shibli Aysami | 1 February 1964 | 17 March 1965 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Muhammad Umran | 1 February 1964 | 4 April 1965 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Abd al-Karim al-Jundi | 1 February 1964 | 4 April 1965 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| 1 August 1965 | 19 December 1965 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). | |
| 27 March 1966 | 31 March 1969 | 3 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). | |
| Fahmi al-Ashuri | 1 February 1964 | 4 April 1965 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Sulaymän al-Ali | 1 February 1964 | 4 April 1965 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Muhammad az-Zubi | 1 February 1964 | 19 December 1965 | 3 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| 27 March 1966 | September 1966 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). | |
| Sami al-Jundi | 1 February 1964 | 4 April 1965 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Jamil Shiyya | 1 February 1964 | 19 December 1965 | 3 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| 27 March 1966 | September 1966 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). | |
| Yusuf Zuaiyin | 1 February 1964 | 19 December 1965 | 3 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| 27 March 1966 | 13 November 1970 | 4 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). | |
| Mahmud aj-Jayyush | 1 February 1964 | 4 April 1965 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| al-Walid Taleb | 1 February 1964 | 4 April 1965 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Habïb Hadäd | 4 April 1965 | 1 August 1965 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| 27 March 1966 | 13 November 1970 | 4 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). | |
| Mustafa Rustum | 1 February 1964 | 4 April 1965 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| 27 March 1966 | 28 September 1968 | 3 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). | |
| 31 March 1969 | 13 November 1970 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). | |
| Adesän Shümän | 4 April 1965 | 1 August 1965 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Mustafa Tlass | 1 August 1965 | 19 December 1965 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| 28 September 1968 | 9 June 2005 | 9 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). | |
| Salim Hatum | 1 August 1965 | 19 December 1965 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Muhammad Id Ashawi | 1 August 1965 | 19 December 1965 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| 27 March 1966 | 31 March 1969 | 4 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). | |
| Marwan Habash | 1 August 1965 | 19 December 1965 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| 27 March 1966 | 13 November 1970 | 4 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). | |
| Fayiz al-Jüsem | 1 August 1965 | 19 December 1965 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| 27 March 1966 | 28 September 1968 | 3 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). | |
| Hisäm Hayzah | 1 August 1965 | 19 December 1965 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Ahmad Suwaydini | 27 March 1966 | February 1968 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Kämel Husayn | 27 March 1966 | September 1966 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Ibrahim Makhus | 27 March 1966 | 13 November 1970 | 4 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Abdul Hamid al-Miqdad | September 1966 | 13 November 1970 | 3 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Hadithad Muräd | September 1966 | 13 November 1970 | 3 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Muhammad Said Taleb | September 1966 | 13 November 1970 | 3 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Adel Naysah | 28 September 1968 | 31 March 1969 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Hamüd al-Qabbani | 28 September 1968 | 13 November 1970 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Ahmad Shaykh Qasim | 31 March 1969 | 13 November 1970 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Anis Kanju | 31 March 1969 | 13 November 1970 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Abdel Ghanf Ibrahim | 13 November 1970 | 7 January 1980 | 3 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Naji Jamil | 13 November 1970 | March 1978 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Abdul Rahman Khleifawi | 13 November 1970 | 7 January 1980 | 3 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Abdul Halim Khaddam | 13 November 1970 | 9 June 2005 | 6 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Abdullah al-Ahmar | 13 November 1970 | 9 June 2005 | 6 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Muhammad Ali al-Halabi | 13 November 1970 | 7 January 1980 | 3 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Mahmoud al-Ayyubi | 13 November 1970 | 15 April 1975 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| 7 January 1980 | 20 January 1985 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). | |
| Muhammad Haydar | 13 November 1970 | August 1975 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Ahmad al-Khatib | 13 November 1970 | 15 April 1975 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Muhammad Täleb Hilal | 13 November 1970 | 14 May 1971 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Daud ar-Raddäwi | 13 November 1970 | 14 May 1971 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Fahmi al-Yuxufi | 13 November 1970 | 7 January 1980 | 3 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Abdul Karim Adl | 13 November 1970 | 15 April 1975 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Mohamad Jaber Bajbouj | 14 May 1971 | 7 January 1980 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Jabe al-Kafri | 14 May 1971 | 15 April 1975 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Abdallah al-Ahmad | 14 May 1971 | 7 January 1980 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Muib Shnän | 14 May 1971 | 7 January 1980 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| George Sanddiqni | 14 May 1971 | 7 January 1980 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Adib Milhim | 14 May 1971 | 15 April 1975 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Isam an-Naib | 14 May 1971 | 15 April 1975 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Taha al-Khayrat | 14 May 1971 | 7 January 1980 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Zuhair Mushariqa | 15 April 1975 | 9 June 2005 | 3 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Rifaat al-Assad | 15 April 1975 | 8 February 1998 | 3 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Ahmad Diyab | 15 April 1975 | 20 January 1985 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Mahmüd Hadid | 15 April 1975 | 7 January 1980 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Yüsuf al-Assad | 15 April 1975 | 7 January 1980 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Ahmad al-Hasan | 15 April 1975 | 7 January 1980 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Nahïb Hassün | 15 April 1975 | 7 January 1980 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Ahmad Iskandar Ahmad | 7 January 1980 | 29 December 1983 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Hikmat al-Shihabi | 7 January 1980 | July 1998 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Nasruddin Nasir | 7 January 1980 | 20 January 1985 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Abd al-Qadir Qaddura | 7 January 1980 | 9 June 2005 | 3 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Walid Hamdun | 7 January 1980 | 9 June 2005 | 3 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Tawfiq Salah | 7 January 1980 | 21 June 2000 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Izzuddin Nasir | 7 January 1980 | 21 June 2000 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Mahmoud Zuabi | 7 January 1980 | 21 June 2000 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Said Hamadi | 7 January 1980 | 21 June 2000 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Wahib Tannus | 7 January 1980 | 21 June 2000 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Abdul Rauf al-Kasm | 7 January 1980 | 21 June 2000 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Ilyas al-Lati | 7 January 1980 | 20 January 1985 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Sulayman Qaddah | 7 January 1980 | 9 June 2005 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Ahmad Qabalan | 7 January 1980 | 21 June 2000 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Abd al-Razzaq Ayyoub | 20 January 1985 | 21 June 2000 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Ahmad Dargham | 20 January 1985 | 9 June 2005 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Fayez Nasir | 20 January 1985 | 9 June 2005 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Rashid Akhtarini | 20 January 1985 | 21 June 2000 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Bashar al-Assad | 21 June 2000 | Incumbent | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Muhammad Mustafa Mero | 21 June 2000 | 9 June 2005 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Muhammad Naji al-Otari | 21 June 2000 | 8 July 2013 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Farouk al-Sharaa | 21 June 2000 | 8 July 2013 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Salim Said Yasin | 21 June 2000 | 8 December 2001 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Ibrahim Hneidi | 21 June 2000 | 9 June 2005 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Faruq Abu Shamat | 21 June 2000 | 9 June 2005 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Ghiyab Barakat | 21 June 2000 | 9 June 2005 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Walid al-Bouz | 21 June 2000 | 9 June 2005 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Mohammad al-Hussein | 21 June 2000 | 8 July 2013 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Majed Shaddoud | 21 June 2000 | 9 June 2005 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan | 21 June 2000 | 8 July 2013 | 2 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Hassan Turkmani | 9 June 2005 | 18 July 2012 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Hisham Ikhtiyar | 9 June 2005 | 20 July 2012 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Osama bin Hamed Adi | 9 June 2005 | 8 July 2013 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Yasser Tawfiq Hourieh | 9 June 2005 | 8 July 2013 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Bassam Janbieh | 9 June 2005 | 8 July 2013 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Said Daoud Eliya | 9 June 2005 | 8 July 2013 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Haitham Satayhi | 9 June 2005 | 8 July 2013 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Shahinaz Fakoush | 9 June 2005 | 8 July 2013 | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Wael Nader al-Halqi | 8 July 2013 | Incumbent | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Mohammad Jihad al-Laham | 8 July 2013 | Incumbent | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Ammar Saati | 8 July 2013 | Incumbent | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Imad Khamis | 8 July 2013 | Incumbent | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Mohammad Shaaban Azzouz | 8 July 2013 | Incumbent | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Hilal Hilal | 8 July 2013 | Incumbent | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Abdul-Nasser Shafi | 8 July 2013 | Incumbent | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Abdul-Mo'ti al-Mashlab | 8 July 2013 | Incumbent | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Fairouz Moussa | 8 July 2013 | Incumbent | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Rakan al-Shoufi | 8 July 2013 | Incumbent | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Youssef al-Ahmad | 8 July 2013 | Incumbent | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Najm al-Ahmad | 8 July 2013 | Incumbent | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Khalaf al-Miftah | 8 July 2013 | Incumbent | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Hussein Arnous | 8 July 2013 | Incumbent | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
| Malek Ali | 8 July 2013 | Incumbent | 1 | Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). |
References
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- Journals and papers
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- Books
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- ↑ FRD 2004, p. 215.
- ↑ Perthes 1997, p. 140].
- ↑ Perthes 1997, p. 140.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Rabinovich 1972, p. 148.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Seale 1990, p. 99.
- ↑ George 2003, p. 73.
- ↑ George 2003, p. 77.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 George 2003, p. 73.
- ↑ George 2003, p. 69.
- ↑ Zîser 2007, p. 70.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Jouejati 2006, p. 16.
- ↑ Bar 2006, p. 434.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 FRD 2004, pp. 211–212.
