Tropical monsoon climate

Worldwide zones of tropical monsoon climate (Am).

Tropical monsoon climate, occasionally also known as a tropical wet climate or tropical monsoon and trade-wind littoral climate in climate classification, is a relatively rare type of climate that corresponds to the Köppen climate classification category "Am".

Tropical monsoon climates have monthly mean temperatures above 18 °C in every month of the year and feature wet and dry seasons, as Tropical savanna climates do. Unlike tropical savanna climates however, a tropical monsoon climate's driest month sees less than 60 mm of precipitation but more than (100 − [total annual precipitation {mm}/25]). Also a tropical monsoon climate tends to see less variance in temperatures during the course of the year than a tropical savanna climate. This climate has a driest month which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator.

Versions

There are generally two versions of a tropical monsoon climate:

• The first version of the tropical monsoon climate features wet and dry seasons, with less pronounced dry seasons. Regions with this variation of the tropical monsoon climate typically see copious amounts of rain during the wet season(s), usually in the form of frequent thunderstorms. However, unlike most tropical savanna climates, a sizeable amount of precipitation also falls during the dry season(s). In essence, this version of the tropical monsoon climate generally has less pronounced dry seasons than tropical savanna climates.
• The second version of the tropical monsoon climate features wet and dry seasons, with extraordinarily rainy wet seasons and pronounced dry seasons. This variation features pronounced dry seasons similar in length and character to dry seasons observed in tropical savanna climates. However, this is followed by a sustained period (or sustained periods) of extraordinary rainfall. In some instances, up to (and sometimes in excess of) 1,000 mm of precipitation is observed per month for two or more consecutive months. Tropical savanna climates generally do not see this level of sustained rainfall.

Distribution

Tropical monsoon climates are most commonly found in South and Central America. However, there are sections of South Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa (particularly West and Central Africa), the Caribbean, and North America that also feature this climate.

Factors

The major controlling factor over a tropical monsoon climate is its relationship to the monsoon circulation. The monsoon is a seasonal change in wind direction. In Asia, during the summer (or high-sun season) there is an onshore flow of air (air moving from ocean towards land). In the “winter” (or low-sun season) an offshore air flow (air moving from land toward water) is prevalent. The change in direction is due to the difference in the way water and land heat.

Changing pressure patterns that affect the seasonality of precipitation also occur in Africa though it generally differs from the way it operates in Asia. During the high-sun season, the Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) induces rain. During the low-sun season, the subtropical high creates dry conditions. The monsoon climates of Africa, and the Americas for that matter, are typically located along tradewind coasts.

Charts of selected cities

Miami
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     51     24 15     53     25 16     61     26 18     72     28 20     158     30 22     237     31 24     145     32 25     193     32 25     194     31 24     143     29 22     68     27 19     47     25 16 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: WMO
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     2     75 59     2.1     76 60     2.4     79 64     2.9     82 68     6.2     85 72     9.3     88 75     5.7     89 76     7.6     89 77     7.6     88 76     5.6     85 72     2.7     80 67     1.8     77 62 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Chittagong
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     5     26 13     28     28 15     64     31 19     150     32 23     264     32 24     533     31 25     597     30 25     518     30 24     320     31 24     180     31 23     56     29 18     15     26 14 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: BBC [2] potato
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.2     79 55     1.1     82 59     2.5     88 66     5.9     90 73     10     90 75     21     88 77     24     86 77     20     86 75     13     88 75     7.1     88 73     2.2     84 64     0.6     79 57 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Abidjan
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     41     31 23     53     32 24     99     32 24     125     32 24     361     31 24     495     29 23     213     28 23     53     28 22     71     28 23     168     29 23     201     31 23     79     31 23 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: [3]
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     1.6     88 73     2.1     90 75     3.9     90 75     4.9     90 75     14     88 75     19     84 73     8.4     82 73     2.1     82 72     2.8     82 73     6.6     84 73     7.9     88 73     3.1     88 73 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Macapá
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     300     30 23     347     29 23     407     29 23     384     30 24     352     30 24     220     30 23     185     31 23     98     32 23     43     32 23     36     33 24     58     32 24     143     31 23 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: [4] [5]
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     12     85 73     14     85 74     16     85 74     15     85 74     14     86 74     8.7     87 74     7.3     87 73     3.9     89 74     1.7     90 74     1.4     91 74     2.3     90 74     5.6     89 74 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Conakry
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     1     32 19     1     33 20     3     33 21     22     34 22     137     33 21     396     32 20     1130     30 20     1104     30 21     617     31 21     295     31 20     70     32 21     8     32 20 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source:
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0     90 66     0     92 68     0.1     92 70     0.9     92 72     5.4     92 69     16     89 68     44     86 69     43     86 69     24     87 69     12     88 69     2.8     90 70     0.3     90 68 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches