Vasoactive intestinal peptide

Vasoactive intestinal peptide
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 2RRH, 2RRI
Identifiers
Symbols	VIP ; PHM27
External IDs	OMIM: 192320 MGI: 98933 HomoloGene: 2539 ChEMBL: 5737 GeneCards: VIP Gene
Gene ontology Molecular function • hormone activity • neuropeptide hormone activity • protein binding Cellular component • extracellular region • cell • neuronal cell body Biological process • positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation • G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway • body fluid secretion • learning or memory • positive regulation of cell proliferation • positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway • regulation of protein localization • negative regulation of apoptotic process • negative regulation of potassium ion transport • positive regulation of protein catabolic process • positive regulation of vasodilation • mRNA stabilization • negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation • regulation of sensory perception of pain • positive regulation of penile erection • prolactin secretion Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	7432	22353
Ensembl	ENSG00000146469	ENSMUSG00000019772
UniProt	P01282	P32648
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_003381	NM_011702
RefSeq (protein)	NP_003372	NP_035832
Location (UCSC)	Chr 6: 152.75 – 152.76 Mb	Chr 10: 5.64 – 5.65 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

Vasoactive intestinal peptide also known as the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or VIP is a peptide hormone containing 28 amino acid residues. VIP is a neuropeptide that belongs to a glucagon/secretin superfamily, the ligand of class II G protein-coupled receptors. VIP is produced in many tissues of vertebrates including the gut, pancreas, and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the brain. VIP stimulates contractility in the heart, causes vasodilation, increases glycogenolysis, lowers arterial blood pressure and relaxes the smooth muscle of trachea, stomach and gall bladder. In humans, the vasoactive intestinal peptide is encoded by the VIP gene.

VIP has a half-life (t_½) in the blood of about two minutes.

Function

VIP has an effect on several tissues:

• With respect to the digestive system, VIP seems to induce smooth muscle relaxation (lower esophageal sphincter, stomach, gallbladder), stimulate secretion of water into pancreatic juice and bile, and cause inhibition of gastric acid secretion and absorption from the intestinal lumen. Its role in the intestine is to greatly stimulate secretion of water and electrolytes, as well as relaxation of enteric smooth muscle, dilating peripheral blood vessels, stimulating pancreatic bicarbonate secretion, and inhibiting gastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. These effects work together to increase motility.

• It also has the function of stimulating pepsinogen secretion by chief cells.

• It is also found in the brain and some autonomic nerves. One region of the brain includes a specific area of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the location of the 'master circadian pacemaker'. The SCN coordinates daily timekeeping in the body and VIP plays a key role in communication between individual brain cells within this region. Further, VIP is also involved in synchronising the timing of SCN function with the environmental light-dark cycle. Combined, these roles in the SCN make VIP a crucial component of the mammalian circadian timekeeping machinery.

• VIP helps to regulate prolactin secretion; it stimulates prolactin release in the domestic turkey.

• It is also found in the heart and has significant effects on the cardiovascular system. It causes coronary vasodilation as well as having a positive inotropic and chronotropic effect. Research is being performed to see if it may have a beneficial role in the treatment of heart failure.

• VIP provokes vaginal lubrication in normal women, doubling the total volume of lubrication produced.

• The growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH) is a member of the VIP family and stimulates Growth Hormone secretion in the anterior pituitary gland.

Pathology

VIP is overproduced in VIPoma. Can be associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (Pituitary, parathyroid and pancreatic tumors). Symptoms are typically:

• Profuse non-bloody/non-mucoid diarrhea (3L+) causing dehydration and the associated electrolyte disturbances such as hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis.
• Lethargy and exhaustion may ensue

See also

• Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor

External links

• Pathway at biocarta.com
• Physiology: 6/6ch2/s6ch2_34 - Essentials of Human Physiology