Williams Mix
Williams Mix (1951–1953) is a 4'15" electronic composition by John Cage for eight simultaneously played independent quarter-inch magnetic tapes. The first octophonic music,[1][2] the piece was created by Cage with the assistance of Earle Brown, Morton Feldman, and David Tudor, using a large number of tape sound sources and a paper score he created for the construction. "Presignifying the development of algorithmic composition, granular synthesis and sound diffusion," it was the third of five pieces completed in the Project for Music for Magnetic Tape (1951–1954), funded by dedicatee architect Paul Williams.[3]
The material, recorded by Louis and Bebe Barron, was organized in six categories: city, country, electronic, manually produced, wind, and "small" sounds; "subjected...to I Ching manipulations, producing constant jumps from one sound to another or buzzing, scrambled textures of up to sixteen simultaneous layers."[4] The 193-page score, "a full-size drawing of the tape fragments, which served as a 'score' for the splicing,"[5] is described by Cage as similar to "a dressmaker's pattern – it literally shows where the tape shall be cut, and you lay the tape on the score itself."[3] Thus, like a recipe, the piece may be recreated using different tapes and the score.
The work was premiered at the 25th Year Retrospective Concert Of The Music Of John Cage on May 15, 1958, and was recorded by Columbia Records producer George Avakian and issued by him on a three-LP set with a booklet including extensive notes and illustrations of scores.
Larry Austin later created a computer program, the "Williams (re)Mix(er)", based on an analysis of ""Williams Mix"", which could "yield ever-new Williams Mix scores." With this software, Austin created Williams (re)Mix[ed] (1997–2000), an octophonic variation of Williams Mix using different sound sources.[6]
In 2012, Tom Erbe became the first person to recreate "Williams Mix" from the original score, entering each tape edit from the 193 page score into the computer, and creating performance software carefully following Cage's notes.[7] Erbe's debut performance of "Williams Mix" was on Cage's 100th birthday, September 5, 2012, at Fresh Sound in San Diego.[8]
Discography
- John Cage (1994). The 25 Year Retrospective Concert of the Music of John Cage. Wergo [6247].
- (2000/2005). OHM: The Early Gurus of Electronic Music. Ellipsis Arts [3690].
- Larry Austin (2001). Octo-Mixes, Larry Austin, Octophonic Computer Music, 1996–2001. EMF CD 039.
- John Cage (2010). Fontana Mix. Él.
- Clipping. (2014). "Clppng". Subpop SP1071.
Sources
- ↑ Leider, Colby (2004). Digital Audio Workstation, p. 290. ISBN 978-0-07-142286-4.
- ↑ Collins, Nicholas (2010). Introduction to Computer Music, p.26. ISBN 978-0-470-71455-3.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hall, Patricia and Sallis, Friedemann (2004). A Handbook to Twentieth-Century Musical Sketches, p. 189. ISBN 978-0-521-80860-6.
- ↑ Ross, Alex (2008). The Rest is Noise, p. 402. ISBN 978-0-312-42771-9.
- ↑ Pritchett, James (1996). The Music of John Cage, p. 91. ISBN 978-0-521-56544-8.
- ↑ Austin, Larry 2004. Hall, Patricia, and Friedemann Sallis, eds. "John Cage's Williams Mix (1951-3): the restoration and new realisations of and variations on the first octophonic, surround-sound tape composition", A Handbook to Twentieth-Century Musical Sketches, p.189. ISBN 978-0-521-80860-6.
- ↑ Daniel James Wolf, "Williams Mix Remixed", October 7, 2013
- ↑ Bobby Bray, "Random Music Box", San Diego Reader, April 29, 2012 .
Further reading
- Schrader, Barry (1982). "Composing with Cutting and Splicing Techniques: Williams Mix by John Cage", Introduction to Electro-Acoustic Music. ISBN 978-0-13-481515-2.
