Yellow-green algae

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Yellow-green algae
Alger, Botydium granulatum, Nordisk familjebok.png
Botrydium granulatum
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
(unranked):
SAR
Phylum:
Heterokontophyta
Class:
Xanthophyceae

Allorge, 1930,[1] emend. Fritsch, 1935[2]
Synonyms
  • Heterokontae Luther, 1899[3]
  • Heterochloridia Pascher, 1912
  • Tribophyceae Hibberd, 1981[4]
  • Heteromonadida Leedale, 1983[5]
  • Xanthophyta Hibberd, 1990[6]

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Yellow-green algae or xanthophytes are an important group of heterokont algae. Most live in freshwater, but some are found in marine and soil habitats. They vary from single-celled flagellates to simple colonial and filamentous forms. Xanthophyte chloroplasts contain the photosynthetic pigments Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll c, β-Carotene, and the carotenoid diadinoxanthin.[7] Unlike other heterokonts, their chloroplasts do not contain fucoxanthin, which accounts for their lighter colour. Its storage polysaccharide is chrysolaminarin.[7] Xanthophyte cell walls are produced of cellulose and hemicellulose.[7] They appear to be the closest relatives of the brown algae.

Classifications

The species now placed in Xanthophyceae were formerly included in the Chlorophyceae.[8] In 1899, Luther created the group Heterokontae for green algae with unequal flagella. Pascher (1914) included the Heterokontae in Chrysophyta. In 1930, Allorge renamed the group as Xanthophyceae.

The monadoid (unicellular flagellates) and also sometimes the amoeboid species have been included by some authors in Protozoa or in Protista,[9][10] as order Heterochloridina (e.g., Doflein and Reichenow, 1927-1929[11]), as class Xanthomonadina, with orders Heterochloridea and Rhizochloridea (e.g., Deflandre, 1956[12]), as order Heterochlorida (e.g., Hall, 1953,[13] Honigberg et al., 1964[14]), as order Heteromonadida (e.g., Leedale, 1983[15]), or as subclass Heterochloridia (e.g., Puytorac et al., 1987[16]). These groups are called ambiregnal protists, as names for these have been published under either or both of the ICZN and the ICN.

Xanthophyceae have been divided into the following four orders in some classification systems:[citation needed]

Lüther (1899)

Classification according to Lüther (1899):[18][19]

  • Class Heterokontae
    • Order Chloromonadales
    • Order Confervales

Pascher (1912)

Classification according Pascher (1912):[20]

  • Heterokontae
    • Heterochloridales
    • Heterocapsales
    • Heterococcales
    • Heterotrichales
    • Heterosiphonales

Fritsch (1935)

Fritsch (1935) recognizes the following orders in the class Xanthophyceae:[21]

  • Order Heterochloridales
    • Suborder Heterochlorineae
    • Suborder Heterocapsineae
    • Suborder Heterodendrineae
    • Suborder Heterorhizidineae
  • Order Heterococcales
  • Order Heterotrichales
  • Order Heterosiphonales

Smith (1938)

In the classification of Smith (1938), there are six orders in the class Xanthophyceae, placed in the division Chrysophyta:

Pascher (1939)

Pascher (1939) recognizes 6 classes in Heterokontae:[22]

  • Class Heterochloridineae
  • Class Rhizochloridineae
  • Class Hetcrocapsineae
  • Class Heterococcincae
  • Class Hetcrotrichineae
  • Class Heterosiphonineae

Copeland (1956)

Copeland (1956) treated the group as order Vaucheriacea:[23]

  • Kingdom Protoctista
    • Phylum Phaeophyta
      • Class Heterokonta
        • Order Vaucheriacea
          • Family Chlorosaccacea
          • Family Mischococcacea
          • Family Chlorotheciacea
          • Family Botryococcacea
          • Family Stipitococcacea
          • Family Chloramoebacea
          • Family Tribonematacea
          • Family Phyllosiphonacea

Ettl (1978), van den Hoek et al. (1995)

In a classification presented by van den Hoek, Mann and Jahns (1995), based on the level of organization of the thallus, there are seven orders:

These are the same orders of the classification of Ettl (1978),[24] an updated version of the classic work by Pascher (1939). Ultrastructural and molecular studies shows that the Mischococcales might be paraphyletic, and the Tribonematales and Botrydiales polyphyletic,[25] and suggests two orders at most be used until the relationships within the division are sorted.[26]

Maistro et al. (2009)

Informal groups, according to Maistro et al. (2009):[27]

  • Botrydiopsalean clade
  • Chlorellidialean clade
  • Tribonematalean clade
  • Vaucherialean clade

Unicellular flagellates, amoeboid and palmelloid taxa were not included in this study.

Adl et al. (2005, 2012)

According to Adl et al. (2005, 2012):[26][28]

  • Tribonematales (genera Botrydium, Bumilleriopsis, Characiopsis, Chloromeson, Heterococcus, Ophiocytium, Sphaerosorus, Tribonema, Xanthonema)
  • Vaucheriales (genus Vaucheria)

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Fritsch, F.E. (1935) The Structure and Reproduction of the Algae. Volume I. Introduction, Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Dinophyceae, Chloromonadineae, Euglenineae, Colourless Flagellata. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.[page needed]
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[page needed]
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[page needed]
  8. ↑ Chapman, V. J. An Introduction to the Study of Algae. University Press, Cambridge; The Macmillan Company, New York, 1941, p. 18, [1].
  9. ↑ Copeland (1956), p. 63
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Doflein, F. & Reichenow, E. 1927-1929. Lehrbuch der Protozoenkunde, 5th ed, G. Fischer, Jena. 1262 p.
  12. ↑ Deflandre, G. (1952). In: Grassé, P.-P. (Ed.). Traité de Zoologie. Vol. 1, fasc. 1. Phylogénie. Protozoaries: Generalités, Flagellés. Masson et Cie, Paris. pp. 212, 217, 220.
  13. ↑ Hall, R.P., 1953. Protozoology. Prentice-Hall, New York, [2],
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[page needed]
  16. ↑ Puytorac, P. de, Grain, J., Mignot, J.P. Précis de protistologie. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd, 1987. 581 p.
  17. ↑ Christensen, T. 1987. Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 4 Tribophyceae (Xanthophyceae). British Museum (Natural History), London ISBN 0-565-00980-X[page needed]
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Pascher (1912), p. 9, [3].
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Fritsch, F.E. (1935) The Structure and Reproduction of the Algae. Volume I. Introduction, Chlorophyceae. Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Dinophyceae, Chloromonadineae, Euglenineae, Colourless Flagellata. Vol. I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, [4].
  22. ↑ Pascher, A., 1939. Heterokonten. In: Rabenhorsts Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. Aufl. 2 Bd. XI. Leipzig: Akad. Verlagsges (1937–1939). p. 204, [5].
  23. ↑ Copeland, H. F. (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books, pp. 63-67, [6].
  24. ↑ Ettl, H., 1978. Xanthophyceae. In: Ettl, H., Gerloff, J., Heynig, H. (Eds.), Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Bd. 3. 1. Teil. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 1–530.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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