1951 in science

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The year 1951 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Biology

• Nesting pairs of the Bermuda petrel, thought to have been extinct for more than 300 years, are found.
• Niko Tinbergen publishes The Study of Instinct.

Chemistry

• October 15 – The progestin norethisterone, significant in creation of the combined oral contraceptive pill, is synthesized by Carl Djerassi, Luis E. Miramontes and George Rosenkranz at Syntex in Mexico City.

Computer science

• February – Ferranti deliver their first Mark 1 computer to the University of Manchester (UK). It is the world's first commercially available general-purpose electronic computer.
• March 30 – Remington Rand delivers the first UNIVAC I computer to the United States Census Bureau. It is inaugurated on June 14.
• May 5 – The Ferranti NIMROD computer is presented at the Science Museum (London) during the Festival of Britain. It is designed exclusively to play Nim, using panels of lights, the first instance of a digital computer designed specifically to play a game.
• July – Maurice Wilkes introduces the concept of microprogramming.
• November 29 – LEO becomes the first computer to run a full commercial business application, for the British bakers J. Lyons and Co.
• EDVAC binary electronic stored program computer incorporating high speed delay line memory begins operation at the United States Army's Ballistics Research Laboratory at Aberdeen Proving Ground.
• Publication of Sancti Thomae Aquinatis hymnorum ritualium varia specimina concordantiarum ... A first example of word index automatically compiled and printed by IBM punched card machines, a concordance to work by Thomas Aquinas produced by IBM under the direction of Roberto Busa, an early instance of the use of data processing machinery in humanities research.

History of science and technology

• July – The term "Industrial archaeology" is first used in print in Britain.
• Hans Reichenbach's book The Rise of Scientific Philosophy is published.

Medicine

• August 15 – 1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning, a fatal outbreak, probably of ergotism, in southern France.
• Richard Asher describes Münchausen syndrome.

Physics

• Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam, working for the United States, develop the first thermonuclear bomb.

Psychology

• Solomon Asch begins publication of his conformity experiments showing how group pressure can persuade an individual to conform to an obviously wrong opinion.
• The World Health Organization's report on maternal deprivation, Maternal Care and Mental Health, written by English psychologist John Bowlby, is published.

Technology

• May – Carl A. Wiley publishes the concept of the solar sail.
• June – Carl A. Wiley invents synthetic aperture radar.
• July 4 – William Shockley announces invention of the junction transistor.

Organizations

• August 18 – Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur inaugurated in West Bengal as the first of the Indian Institutes of Technology.
• c. September – James Watson joins Francis Crick under Max Perutz in the UK Medical Research Council's Unit for Research on the Molecular Structure of Biological Systems at the Cavendish Laboratory in the University of Cambridge led by Sir Lawrence Bragg.

Awards

• Nobel Prizes
  • Physics – John Douglas Cockcroft, Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton
  • Chemistry – Edwin Mattison McMillan; Glenn Theodore Seaborg
  • Medicine – Max Theiler
• Copley Medal: David Keilin
• Wollaston Medal for Geology – Olaf Holtedahl

Births

• January 1 – Radia Perlman, American computer software designer and network engineer.
• May 26 – Sally Ride (died 2012), American physicist and astronaut.
• July 1 – Niels Krabbe, Danish ornithologist.
• September 18 – John Clark (died 2004), English molecular biologist.
• September 30 – Barry Marshall, Australian physician, winner of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005.
• October 27 – Carlos Frenk, Mexican cosmologist.

Deaths

• January 13 – Dorothea Bate (born 1878), British paleozoologist.
• April 6 – Robert Broom (born 1866), Scottish-born South African paleontologist.
• April 22 – Horace Donisthorpe (born 1870), English entomologist.
• October 4 – Henrietta Lacks (born 1921), African American source of the HeLa cell line.