Anseriformes

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Anseriformes
Temporal range:
Late Cretaceous-Holocene, 68–0 Ma
Magpie goose.jpg
Magpie goose, Anseranas semipalmata
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Superorder: Galloanserae
Order: Anseriformes
Wagler, 1831
Extant families
Waterfowl range.png
Range of the waterfowl and allies
Synonyms

Anserimorphae

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Anseriformes is an order of birds that comprises about 150 living species in three families: Anhimidae (the screamers), Anseranatidae (the magpie goose), and Anatidae, the largest family, which includes over 140 species of waterfowl, among them the ducks, geese, and swans.

All species in the order are highly adapted for an aquatic existence at the water surface. The males, except for the screamers, also have a penis, a trait that has disappeared in Neoaves. All are web-footed for efficient swimming (although some have subsequently become mainly terrestrial).

Evolution

The earliest known Anseriform is the recently discovered Vegavis, which lived during the Cretaceous period.[1] It is thought that the Anseriformes originated when the original Galloanserae (the group to which Anseriformes and Galliformes belong) split into the two main lineages. The extinct dromornithids represent early offshoots of the anseriform line,[2] and so maybe Gastornis (if it is an Anseriform). The ancestors of the Anseriformes developed the characteristic bill structure that they still share. The combination of the internal shape of the bill and a modified tongue acts as a suction pump to draw water in at the tip of the bill and expel it from the sides and rear; an array of fine filter plates called lamellae traps small particles, which are then licked off and swallowed.

All Anseriformes have this basic structure, but many have subsequently adopted alternative feeding strategies: geese graze on plants, the saw-billed ducks catch fish; even the screamers, which have bills that seem on first sight more like those of the game birds, still have vestigal lamellae. The prehistoric wading presbyornithids and the huge and possibly carnivorous dromornithids were even more bizarre.

Systematics

The Anseriformes and the Galliformes (pheasants, etc.) are the most primitive neognathous birds, and should follow ratites and tinamous in bird classification systems.

Anatidae systematics, especially regarding placement of some "odd" genera in the dabbling ducks or shelducks, is not fully resolved. See the Anatidae article for more information, and for alternate taxonomic approaches. Some unusual groups, such as the extinct Gastornithidae and extant Dromornithidae, are often found to be at the base of the Anseriformes family tree, or at least their closest relatives.[3][4]

Anatidae is traditionally divided into subfamilies Anatinae and Anserinae.[5] The Anatinae consists of tribes Anatini, Aythyini, Mergini and Tadornini.

The higher-order classification below follows a phylogenetic analysis performed by Angolin, 2007,[3] Mikko's Phylogeny Archive[6][7] and John Boyd's website.[8]

Some fossil anseriform taxa not assignable with certainty to a family are:

Unassigned Anatidae:

In addition, a considerable number of mainly Late Cretaceous and Paleogene fossils have been described where it is uncertain whether or not they are anseriforms. This is because almost all orders of aquatic birds living today either originated or underwent a major radiation during that time, making it hard to decide whether some waterbird-like bone belongs into this family or is the product of parallel evolution in a different lineage due to adaptive pressures.

  • "Presbyornithidae" gen. et sp. indet. (Barun Goyot Late Cretaceous of Udan Sayr, Mongolia) - Presbyornithidae?
  • UCMP 117599 (Hell Creek Late Cretaceous of Bug Creek West, USA)
  • Petropluvialis (Late Eocene of England) - may be same as Palaeopapia
  • Agnopterus (Late Eocene - Late Oligocene of Europe) - includes Cygnopterus lambrechti
  • "Headonornis hantoniensis" BMNH PAL 4989 (Hampstead Early Oligocene of Isle of Wight, England) - formerly "Ptenornis"
  • Palaeopapia (Hampstead Early Oligocene of Isle of Wight, England)
  • "Anas" creccoides (Early/Middle Oligocene of Belgium)
  • "Anas" skalicensis (Early Miocene of "Skalitz", Czech Republic)
  • "Anas" risgoviensis (Late Miocene of Bavaria, Germany)
  • †"Anas" meyerii Milne-Edwards 1867 [Aythya meyerii (Milne-Edwards 1867) Brodkorb 1964]
  • †Eonessa anaticula Wetmore 1938 {Eonessinae Wetmore 1938}

Molecular studies

Studies of the mitochnodrial DNA suggest the existence of four branches - Anseranatidae, Dendrocygninae, Anserinae and Anatinae - with Dendrocygninae being a subfamily within the family Anatidae and Anseranatidae representing an independent family.[9] The clade Somaterini has a single genus Somateria.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Clarke et al. (2005)
  2. ↑ Murray, P. F. & Vickers-Rich, P. (2004)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Angolin, F. (2007)
  4. ↑ Livezey, B. C. & Zusi, R. L. (2007)
  5. ↑ Gonzalez J, Düttmann H, Wink M (2009) Phylogenetic relationships based on two mitochondrial genes and hybridization patterns in Anatidae. J Zoolog 279: 310–318. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00622.x
  6. ↑ Mikko's Phylogeny Archive [1] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Paleofile.com (net, info) [2]. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ John Boyd's website [3] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Liu G, Zhou L, Zhang L, Luo Z, Xu W (2013) The complete mitochondrial genome of bean goose (Anser fabalis) and implications for anseriformes taxonomy. PLoS One 8(5):e63334. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063334

See also

  • Agnolin, F. (2007) Brontornis burmeisteri Moreno & Mercerat, un Anseriformes (Aves) gigante del Mioceno Medio de Patagonia, Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. 9:15-25.
  • Clarke, J. A. Tambussi, C. P. Noriega, J. I. Erickson, G. M. & Ketcham, R. A. (2005) Definitive fossil evidence for the extant avian radiation in the Cretaceous. Nature. 433: 305-308. doi:10.1038/nature03150
  • Livezey, B. C. & Zusi, R. L. (2007) Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion. Zoological Journal of the Linnen Society. 149: 1-95.
  • Murray, P. F. & Vickers-Rich, P. (2004) Magnificent Mihirungs: The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime. Indiana University Press.
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