Anthemis cotula
| Anthemis cotula | |
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| File:ANTHEMIS cotula Köhler.png | |
| Stinking chamomile[1] | |
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A. cotula
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| Binomial name | |
| Anthemis cotula |
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| Synonyms[2][3][4][5] | |
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Anthemis cotula, also known as stinking chamomile,[6] is a flowering annual plant with a noticeable and strong odor. The odor is often considered unpleasant, and it is from this that it gains the common epithet "stinking". It is initially native to Europe and North Africa. It has successfully migrated to North America, Southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand[7] where it can be found growing on waste ground, alongside roads, and in fields.[8] Anthemis cotula is considered a weed due to its propensity for invading cultivated areas.[7]
The name "cotula" is from a Greek word for "small cup", describing the shape of the flowers; it was assigned by Carolus Linnaeus in his work Species Plantarum in 1753.[9]
Anthemis cotula is also known by a wide variety of other names, including mather, dog- or hog's-fennel, dog-finkle, dog-daisy, pig-sty-daisy, chigger-weed,[8] mayweed, maroute, Maruta cotula, Cotula Maruta foetida, Manzanilla loca, wild chamomile, Camomille puante. Foetid Chamomile or Mayweed, maithes, maithen, mathor [10] mayweed chamomile, camomille des chiens, camomille puante, stinkende Hundskamille, camomila-de-cachorro, macéla-fétida, and manzanilla hedionda.
Description
The "stinking chamomile" Anthemis cotula is so-named for its resemblance to the true chamomile plant, Anthemis nobilis; both have branching upright stems each topped by a single large flower head, although the "stinking chamomile" is distinguished by lacking the membraneous scales underneath the flowers of the true chamomile, as well as by its characteristic strong odor. The leaves of Anthemis cotula have a similar appearance to those of the fennel plant (Foeniculum vulgare), from which the name "Dog's Fennel" is derived.[11]
Anthemis cotula is an annual glandular plant with a harsh taste and an acrid smell. Its height varies from 12 inches (28 centimeters) to 24 inches (56 centimeters).[8]
- Leaves
- The leaves of the plant sometimes have very fine and soft hairs on the upper surface, although the plant is mostly hairless. There is no leaf stalk; leaves grow immediately from the stems. The leaves are pinnate in shape, with many extremely thin lobes, and can be around 1 or 2 inches long (2.5 to 5 centimeters).[8]
- Flowers
- Each stem is topped by a single flower head which is usually around 1 inch (2.34 centimeters) in diameter. The flower head is encompassed by between 10 and 18 white ray florets, each with a three-toothed shape; the florets tend to curve downwards around the edges and may occasionally have pistils, although these do not produce fruit. Beneath the flower proper, oval bracts of the plant form an involucre, with soft hairs on each; further bracts are bristled and sit at right angles to the flowers.[8]
- Fruits
- The fruits are achenes (with no pappus). They are wrinkled, ribbed with ten ridges, and have small glandular bumps across the surface.
Toxicity
Anthemis cotula is regarded as toxic to dogs, cats, horses, and guinea pigs. Clinical signs include contact dermatitis, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, allergic reactions. Long term use can lead to bleeding tendencies.[12]
Distribution
- Native[7]
-
- Palearctic
- Macaronesia: Azores, Canary Islands, Madeira Islands
- Northern Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
- Western Asia: Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey
- Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, North Caucasus, Dagestan
- Northern Europe: Denmark, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, England
- Middle Europe: Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland
- East Europe: Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Krym
- Southeastern Europe: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Crete, Italy, Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Sardinia, Serbia, Sicily, Slovenia
- Southwestern Europe: France Corsica, Portugal, Spain, Baleares
Naturalized in North and South America, East Asia, Australia.
References
- ↑ illustration from Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte : Atlas zur Pharmacopoea germanica. Author: Franz Eugen Köhler. 1883-1914
- ↑ The Plant List, Anthemis cotula L
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- ↑ ASPCA - Pet Care - Mayweed
- ↑ Flora of North America
- ↑ Flora of China
- ↑ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
- ↑ Atlas of Living Australia
- ↑ Cabrera, A. L. 1978. Compositae. 10: 1–726. In A. L. Cabrera (ed.) Flora de la provincia de Jujuy. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires
External links
Media related to Anthemis cotula at Wikimedia Commons 
Data related to Anthemis cotula at Wikispecies
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- Blanchan, Neltje (1917): Wild Flowers Worth Knowing. HTML or TXT fulltext at Project Gutenberg
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