German referendum, 1933
A referendum on withdrawing from the League of Nations was held in Germany on 12 November 1933 alongside Reichstag elections.[1] The measure was approved by 95.1% of voters with a turnout of 96.3%.[2]
The referendum question was on a separate ballot from the one used for the elections. The question was: "Do you approve, German man, and you, German woman, this policy of your national government, and are you willing to declare as the expression of your own opinion and your own will and solemnly profess it?" (Billigst Du, Deutscher Mann, und Du, Deutsche Frau, diese Politik Deiner Reichsregierung, und bist Du bereit, sie als den Ausdruck Deiner eigenen Auffassung und Deines eigenen Willens zu erklären und Dich feierlich zu ihr zu bekennen?)[3]
Conduct
Of the democratic nature of the referendum, political scientist Arnold Zurcher writes that "there undoubtedly was a great deal" of "intangible official pressure", but "[probably very little] downright coercion and intimidation at the polls".[4] The historian Heinrich August Winkler notes that "the rejection of the Versailles system was extraordinarily popular" and that at this stage in the history of Nazi Germany it was still possible to vote negatively, invalidate one's ballot or not vote at all "without great personal risk".[5]
Results
In East Prussia, the stronghold of the Junkers, support for withdrawal reached 97.3%, while in Hamburg, formerly a communist strongold, only 83.9% voted in favour. This regional variation was repeated in the referendum of 1934. In general the Catholic parts of the country were more favourable and the cities least favourable to withdrawal, but overall support was higher than for granting Hitler presidential powers in 1934.[4]
Voter turnout was greatest in the Pfalz region, where 98.4% of registered voters cast ballots. It was lowest in the affluent Berlin neighbourhood of Potsdam at 90%.[4]
| Choice | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|
| For | 40,633,852 | 95.1 |
| Against | 2,101,207 | 4.9 |
| Invalid/blank votes | 757,676 | – |
| Total | 43,492,735 | 100 |
| Registered voters/turnout | 45,178,701 | 96.3 |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver | ||
References
- ↑ Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p762 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
- ↑ Nohlen & Stöver, p770
- ↑ Markku Suksi, Bringing in the People: A Comparison of Constitutional Forms and Practices of the Referendum (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993), pp. 97–103, contains a discussion of all Nazi-era referenda. For the quotation, see p. 100, note 2.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Arnold J. Zurcher, "The Hitler Referenda" (1935), The American Political Science Review, 29 (1): 91–99.
- ↑ Heinrich August Winkler, Germany: The Long Road West, Volume II, 1933–1990 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 31. This work was originally published in German as Der Lange Weg nach Westen, Zweiter Band: Deutsche Geschichte vom “Dritten Reich” bis zur Wiedervereinigung (Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck, 2000).
| Parliamentary elections | |
|---|---|
| Presidential elections | |
| European elections | |
| Referendums | |
|
|
