Perfluorononanoic acid
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Names | |
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IUPAC name
Heptadecafluorononanoic acid
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Other names
perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid, PFNA, perfluorononanoate
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Identifiers | |
375-95-1 ![]() |
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ChEBI | CHEBI:38397 ![]() |
ChemSpider | 61138 ![]() |
EC Number | 206-801-3 |
Jmol 3D model | Interactive image |
PubChem | 67821 |
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Properties | |
C9HF17O2 | |
Molar mass | 464.08 g/mol |
Appearance | white crystalline powder |
Melting point | 59 to 62 °C (138 to 144 °F; 332 to 335 K)[4] |
Boiling point | 218 °C (424 °F; 491 K)[5] |
9.5 g/L[1] | |
Solubility in other solvents | polar organic solvents |
Acidity (pKa) | ~0[2][3] |
Vapor pressure | {{{value}}} |
Related compounds | |
Related compounds
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Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references | |
Perfluorononanoic acid, or PFNA, is a synthetic perfluorinated carboxylic acid and fluorosurfactant that is also an environmental contaminant found in people and wildlife along with PFOS and PFOA.
Contents
Chemistry and properties
In acidic form it is a highly reactive strong acid. In its conjugate base form as a salt it is stable and commonly ion paired with ammonium. In the commercial product Surflon S-111 (CAS 72968-3-88) it is the primary compound present by weight. PFNA is used as surfactant for the production of the fluoropolymer polyvinylidene fluoride.[6][7] It is produced mainly in Japan by the oxidation of a linear fluorotelomer olefin mixture containing F(CF2)8CH=CH2. It can also be synthesized by the carboxylation of F(CF2)8I. PFNA can form from the biodegradation of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol.[8] Additionally, it is considered a probable degradation product of many other compounds.[9]
PFNA is the largest perfluorinated carboxylic acid surfactant. Fluorocarbon derivatives with terminal carboxylates are only surfactants when they possess five to nine carbons.[10] Fluorosurfactants reduce the surface tension of water down to half of what hydrocarbon surfactants can by concentrating at the liquid-air interface due to the lipophobicity of fluorocarbons.[10][11] PFNA is very stable and is not known to degrade in the environment by oxidative processes because of the strength of the carbon–fluorine bond and the electronegativity of fluorine.
Environmental and health concerns
Like the eight-carbon PFOA, the nine-carbon PFNA is a developmental toxicant and an immune system toxicant.[12] However, longer chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are considered more bioaccumulative and toxic.[13] PFNA is an agonist of the nuclear receptors PPARα and PPARγ.[12] In the years between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, the geometric mean of PFNA increased from 0.5 parts per billion to 1.0 parts per billion in the US population's blood serum.[14] In a cross-sectional study of 2003–2004 US samples, a higher (13.9 milligram per deciliter) total cholesterol level was observed in when the highest quartile was compared to the lowest.[15] Non-HDL cholesterol (or "bad cholesterol") levels were also higher in samples with more PFNA.
In bottlenose dolphins from Delaware Bay, PFNA was the perfluorinated carboxylic acid measured in the highest concentration in blood plasma; it was found in concentrations well over 100 parts per billion.[16] PFNA has been detected in polar bears in concentrations over 400 parts per billion.[17] PFNA was the perfluorinated chemical measured in the highest concentration in Russian Baikal seals.[18] However, PFOS is the perfluorinated compound that dominates in most wildlife biomonitoring samples.[19]
See also
References
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External links
- Perfluorocarboxylic Acid Content in 116 Articles of Commerce PDF
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Polyfluorochemicals fact sheet
- Perfluorinated substances and their uses in Sweden
- Perfluoroalkylated substances, Aquatic environmental assessment
- Chain of Contamination: The Food Link, Perfluorinated Chemicals (PFCs) Incl. PFOS & PFOA
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- Chemical articles using a fixed chemical formula
- Carboxylic acids
- Fatty acids
- Perfluorinated compounds
- Pollutants
- Anionic surfactants